Notes for Bomb Girls

 

Dedication
1. “Facts and Figures,” GECO Fusilier, July 31, 1945, 7.

“To Those Women of All Ages”
1. F.G. Brimicombe, “To Those Women of All Ages,” GECO Fusilier, January 30, 1943, 3; Reprinted GECO Fusilier, February 5, 1945, 3.

Preface
1. C.P. Stacey, Official History of the Canadian Army in the Second World War, Six Years of War, Appendix A, Table 2, “Casualties by Category and Year” (Ottawa: Queen’s Printer, 1955), I: 524.
2. Display — Barracks Sector, Parc De-L’Artillerie, National Parks and Historic Sites of Canada, Old Quebec City, Quebec.
3. Ibid.
4. “Editor’s Column,” GECO Fusilier, November 28, 1942, 3.
5. Ibid.
6. J. de N. Kennedy, History of the Department of Munitions and Supply: Canada in the Second World War (Ottawa: King’s Printer, 1950), I: 76.
7. Ibid.
8. Ibid.
9. Ibid., Foreword.
10. “Fuses, Introduction,” 1945 Final Summary, History of Scarboro, Canada: 1941–1945, 1945, F2082-1-1-18, Archives of Ontario, 1.
11. Ibid.
12. Ibid.
13. W.H. Pitcher, “… and Pass the Ammunition — Review of Fuse-Filling Operations at General Engineering Co. (Canada) Ltd., Scarboro,” Canadian Chemistry and Process Industries, May 1944.
14. Lieut.-Col. H. Read, R.A., “Good Ammunition Corner-Stone of United Nation’s War Effort,” GECO Fusilier, January 24, 1944, 2.
15. Ibid.
16. Pitcher,“… and Pass the Ammunition — Review of Fuse-Filling Operations at General Engineering Co. (Canada) Ltd., Scarboro.”
17. “Article 1, Introduction,” Employee’s Guidebook, (1943), F2802-1-1-32, Archives of Ontario, 2.
18. Ibid.; Note: There are inconsistencies surrounding the spelling of GECO throughout its written account. Documents refer to the plant as GECO, GECo, as well as Geco. For consistency, this book uses GECO.
19. “Preface,” History of Scarboro, Canada: 1941–1945, 1.
20. Ibid.
21. “Chronology of Scarboro/Canada,” History of Scarboro, Canada: 1941–1945; “Introduction,” History of Scarboro, Canada: 1941–1945, 1.
22. Ibid.; J. de N. Kennedy, History of the Department of Munitions and Supply: Canada in the Second World War, I: 301.
23. “Background of Scarboro,” History of Scarboro, Canada: 1941–1945, 1.
24. E. Flexman, “Magnificent Contribution to War Effort Made by Scarboro People,” GECO Fusilier, July 31, 1945, 5; “Introduction,” History of Scarboro, Canada: 1941–1945, 1.
25. “Let’s All Pull … Together,” GECO Fusilier, October 17, 1942, 3; “Introduction,” History of Scarboro, Canada: 1941–1945, 1.
26. E. Flexman, “Magnificent Contribution to War Effort Made by Scarboro People,”5.
27. J. de N. Kennedy, History of the Department of Munitions and Supply: Canada in the Second World War, I: 305.
28. E. Flexman, “Magnificent Contribution to War Effort Made by Scarboro People,” 5; “Production — Initial Period,” History of Scarboro, Canada: 1941–1945.
29. I.N. Downing, I.O. (P) for Controller General, Inspection Board of United Kingdom and Canada, Letter to E.N. Martin, General Engineering Co., (Canada) Ltd., June 27, 1945, Disposition of Records Drawings and Specifications 1945, F2082-1-1-9, Archives of Ontario.
30. “Miscellaneous,” 1945, F2082-1-1-32, Archives of Ontario.
31. “Conclusion,” History of Scarboro, Canada: 1941–1945, 1.
32. R.M.P. Hamilton, letter to John H. Fox, Esq., April 1981, F2082-1-1-32, Ontario Archives.

Chapter 1
1. “The Minister of Everything,” Poster, C.D. Howe, World War II exhibit, Canada War Museum Ottawa, Ontario.
2. “Chronology of Scarboro/Canada,” History of Scarboro, Canada: 1941–1945, 1945, F2082-1-1-18, Archives of Ontario.
3. R.M.P. Hamilton, “A Short History of the General Engineering Company Inc.,” June 1976, 1; Bill Van Iterson, “Biographical Summaries of Bob and Betty Hamilton,” www.ancestry.ca, accessed November 20, 2010.
4. Ibid.
5. Louise Hamilton (daughter of Philip Henry Banfill Hamilton), correspondence, August 2014.
6. Ibid., 2.
7. “Construction Detail,” History of Scarboro, Canada: 1941–1945.
8. Philip H.B. Hamilton, personal interview with author, Montreal, July 2012.
9. W.H. Pitcher, “… and Pass the Ammunition — Review of Fuse-Filling Operations at General Engineering Co. (Canada) Ltd., Scarboro,” Canadian Chemistry and Process Industries, May, 1944, 6.
10. “Chronology of Scarboro/Canada,” History of Scarboro, Canada: 1941–1945.
11. Ibid.
12. Ibid; R.M.P. Hamilton, “A Short History of the General Engineering Company Inc.,” June 1976, 3.
13. “Chronology of Scarboro/Canada,” History of Scarboro, Canada: 1941–1945.
14. “City Area to Supply 4,000 for Arms Plant,” Toronto Daily Star, November 1, 1940, Second Edition, 35.
15. Ibid.
16. Ibid.
17. Ibid.
18. Ibid.
19. “Chronology of Scarboro/Canada,” History of Scarboro, Canada: 1941–1945; “Introduction,” History of Scarboro, Canada: 1941–1945.
20. “Background of Scarboro,” History of Scarboro, Canada: 1941–1945.
21. “Preface,” History of Scarboro, Canada: 1941–1945; “Article 1, Introduction,” Employee’s Guidebook (Toronto: General Engineering Company (Canada) Limited, 1943 edition), 2, F2802-1-1-32, Archives of Ontario.
22. “Background of Scarboro,” History of Scarboro, Canada: 1941–1945.
23. R.M.P. Hamilton and Hartley McVicar, “Let’s Visit,” audio interview, RG 17-3-0-56, F2082-1-3, Archives of Ontario.
24. “Preparations for Production,” History of Scarboro, Canada: 1941–1945.
25. Ibid; “Mighty Chain of Munitions Complete — Fuses Pass Test,” Toronto Daily Star, June 7, 1941, 3.
26. “Preparations for Production,” History of Scarboro, Canada: 1941–1945.
27. “Scarboro in the Beginning,” GECO Fusilier, July 31, 1945, 6; “The Real Meaning of Sc/C,” GECO Fusilier, June 20, 1942, 2; “Tooling Problems, Tools,” History of Scarboro, Canada: 1941–1945.
28. “Organization,” History of Scarboro, Canada: 1941–1945.
29. “Preparations for Production,” History of Scarboro, Canada: 1941–1945.
30. Ibid.
31. “Chronology of Scarboro/Canada,” History of Scarboro, Canada: 1941–1945; “Progress of Plant Design,” History of Scarboro, Canada: 1941–1945.
32. “A Short History of National Filling Factory, No. 7, Hayes, Middlesex,” The General Engineering Company (Canada) Limited — British Counterpart to Sc/S (circa 1919), F2082-1-1-2, Archives of Ontario, 1.
33. Ibid., 24.
34. Philip H.B. Hamilton, personal interview with author, Montreal, July 2012.
35. “A Short History of National Filling Factory, No. 7, Hayes, Middlesex,” The General Engineering Company (Canada) Limited — British Counterpart to Sc/S (circa 1919), 24; “Background of Scarboro,” History of Scarboro, Canada: 1941–1945.
36. “Background of Scarboro,” History of Scarboro, Canada: 1941–1945.
37. “Labour and Industrial Relations,” History of Scarboro, Canada: 1941–1945; J. de N. Kennedy, History of the Department of Munitions and Supply: Canada in the Second World War (Ottawa: King’s Printer, 1950), II: 359.
38. Note: Scarborough, named by Lady Simcoe in 1796, was shortened to Scarboro in 1855.
39. Richard Schofield, Meredyth Schofield, Karen Whynot, Scarborough Then and Now (1796–1996) (Scarborough: Scarborough Board of Education and Scarborough Historical Society, 1996), 65.
40. “Description of Plant,” History of Scarboro, Canada: 1941–1945.
41. Present-day Warden Avenue was spelled “Wardin” during the war.
42. “Background of Scarboro,” History of Scarboro, Canada: 1941–1945.
43. “Chronology of Scarboro/Canada,” History of Scarboro, Canada: 1941–1945; “Background of Scarboro,” History of Scarboro, Canada: 1941–1945; “Land,” Department of Munitions and Supply, Defense Projects Construction Branch, The General Engineering Company (Canada) Limited, A.W.S.C. Project No. 24, Scarboro, Ontario, F2082-1-1-5, Archives of Ontario, 1.
44. Robert R. Bonis, ed., A History of Scarborough (Scarborough, Ontario: Scarborough Public Library, 1968), 46.
45. Ibid.
46. Rick Schofield, “Tunnels Serve as Reminder of Munitions Plant,” Scarborough Mirror, November 14, 2003, 30; Rick Schofield, “Scarborough’s GECo plant holds many memories,” Scarborough Mirror, March 18, 2010, 16.
47. “Land,” Department of Munitions and Supply, Defense Projects Construction Branch, The General Engineering Company (Canada) Limited, A.W.S.C. Project No. 24, Scarboro, Ontario, 1; “Background of Scarboro,” History of Scarboro, Canada: 1941–1945, 1945, 1. Note: Total acreage for the Scarboro plant differs depending on which account is referenced. In the first document 347.64 acres were expropriated, of which 269.94 were owned, with another 77.20 acres restricted. In another document 357.85 acres were acquired, of which 272.1 acres were owned, 77.2 acres had restricted access, and another 8.55 acres were under easement.
48. “Chronology of Scarboro/Canada,” History of Scarboro, Canada: 1941–1945.
49. “Monthly Record of Employment 1941–1945,” Plant Review Appendices, 1945, F2082-1-1-25, Archives of Ontario.

Chapter 2
1. “Chronology of Scarboro/Canada,” History of Scarboro, Canada: 1941–1945, 1945, F2082-1-1-18, Archives of Ontario.
2. “A Farm — A Construction Job — A War Plant — And 236 Days” GECO Fusilier, April 11, 1942, 4; “The Real Meaning of Sc/C,” GECO Fusilier, June 20, 1942, 2; “Scarboro in the Beginning,” GECO Fusilier, July 31, 1945, 6.
3. “From Farm to Munition Plant,” GECO Fusilier, July 31, 1945, 2; “Chronology of Scarboro/Canada,” History of Scarboro, Canada: 1941–1945.
4. “Construction,” History of Scarboro, Canada: 1941–1945.
5. “Background of Scarboro,” History of Scarboro, Canada: 1941–1945; “Plant Capacity,” History of Scarboro, Canada: 1941–1945; J. de N. Kennedy, History of the Department of Munitions and Supply: Canada in the Second World War (Ottawa: King’s Printer, 1950), I: 301. Note: In the first two accounts GECO expected to fill 1.5 million units monthly. In Kennedy’s record the government expected a munitions production capacity of between 1.2 million and 2 million rounds.
6. “Chronology of Scarboro/Canada,” History of Scarboro, Canada: 1941–1945.
7. “From Farm to Munition Plant,” GECO Fusilier, July 31, 1945, 2; “Construction,” History of Scarboro, Canada: 1941–1945.
8. “Chronology of Scarboro/Canada,” History of Scarboro, Canada: 1941–1945.
9. “Preparations for Production,” History of Scarboro, Canada: 1941–1945, 3.
10. Ibid.
11. “The Real Meaning of Sc/C,” GECO Fusilier, June 20, 1942, 2; “Scarboro in the Beginning,” GECO Fusilier, July 31, 1945, 6.
12. “Preparations for Production,” History of Scarboro, Canada: 1941–1945, 3.
13. Ibid., 4.
14. Ibid., 3.
15. Ibid.
16. “Canada’s Other Army,” Poster, The Labour Force, World War II exhibit, Canada War Museum, Ottawa, Ontario.
17. “Chronology of Scarboro/Canada,” History of Scarboro, Canada: 1941–1945.
18. “Monthly Record of Employment 1941–1945,” Plant Review Appendices, 1945, F2082-1-1-25, Archives of Ontario.
19. “Chronology of Scarboro/Canada,” History of Scarboro, Canada: 1941–1945.
20. “Plant Design,” History of Scarboro, Canada: 1941–1945.
21. “Monthly Record of Employment 1941–1945,” Plant Review Appendices, 1945, F2082-1-1-25, Archives of Ontario; “Miscellaneous,” 1945, F2082-1-1-32, Archives of Ontario. Note: In the first reference 2,681 men were noted on employment rolls. In the second record 2,585 men were noted.
22. “Mighty Chain of Munitions Complete — Fuses Pass Test,” Toronto Daily Star, June 7, 1941, 3.
23. Ibid.
24. Ibid.
25. Ibid.
26. Ibid.
27. Ibid.
28. Ibid.
29. “From Farm to Munition Plant,” GECO Fusilier, July 31, 1945, 2; “Preparations for Production,” History of Scarboro, Canada: 1941–1945; “Chronology of Scarboro/Canada,” History of Scarboro, Canada: 1941–1945.
30. “Scarboro in the Beginning,” GECO Fusilier, July 31, 1945, 6; “The Real Meaning of Sc/C,” GECO Fusilier, June 20, 1942, 2.
31. Ibid.; Ibid.

Chapter 3
1. “A Short History of National Filling Factory, No. 7, Hayes, Middlesex,” The General Engineering Company (Canada) Limited — British Counterpart to Sc/S (circa 1919), 1, F2082-1-1-2, Archives of Ontario.
2. Ibid.
3. “Description of Plant,” History of Scarboro, Canada: 1941–1945, 1945, F2082-1-1-18, Archives of Ontario, 1; Regulations of the Scarboro Plant: Clean Workers (Toronto: General Engineering Company (Canada) Limited, September 30, 1941 edition), F2802-1-1-32, Archives of Ontario, 5, 6.
4. Ibid.; “Cleaning,” History of Scarboro, Canada: 1941–1945.
5. Ibid.; “Engineer’s Sketch,” General Engineering Co. (Canada) Ltd. Scarboro Campus, 1942, F2082-1-1-25, Ontario Archives; “The General Engineering Co. (Canada) Ltd., SCARBORO, Ont. — List of Buildings,” October 1, 1943 revision, Plant Review Appendices, 1945, F2082-1-1-25, Archives of Ontario.
6. Ibid.; Ibid.; Ibid.
7. “Progress of Plant Design” and “Description of Plant,” History of Scarboro, Canada: 1941–1945, 1.
8. “Description of Plant,” History of Scarboro, Canada: 1941–1945.
9. “Start of Production,” History of Scarboro, Canada: 1941–1945.
10. Ibid.; Regulations of the Scarboro Plant: Clean Workers, 7.
11. Ibid.; Ibid., 2; “Description of Plant,” History of Scarboro, Canada: 1941–1945.
12. “Start of Production,” History of Scarboro, Canada: 1941–1945; Regulations of the Scarboro Plant: Clean Workers, 5.
13. “Description of Plant” and “Plant Design,” History of Scarboro, Canada: 1941–1945.
14. “Start of Production” and “Description of Plant,” History of Scarboro, Canada: 1941–1945; Regulations of the Scarboro Plant: Clean Workers, 5.
15. Ibid.
16. Ibid.
17. “Description of Plant,” History of Scarboro, Canada: 1941–1945; “Cafeteria and Canteen Service,” Review of Industrial Relations, Article 16 (July 1943): 29.
18. “Start of Production” and “Description of Plant,” History of Scarboro, Canada: 1941–1945.
19. Ibid.
20. “Plant Flow,” History of Scarboro, Canada: 1941–1945; Regulations of the Scarboro Plant: Clean Workers, 13.
21. “Plant Design,” History of Scarboro, Canada: 1941–1945.
22. “Engineer’s Sketch,” General Engineering Co. (Canada) Ltd. Scarboro Campus, 1942, F2082-1-1-25, Ontario Archives.
23. Ibid.
24. Ibid.
25. Ibid.
26. Ibid.
27. “The General Engineering Co. (Canada) Ltd., SCARBORO, Ont. — List of Buildings,” October 1, 1943 revision, Plant Review Appendices, 1945, F2082-1-1-25, Archives of Ontario.
28. “Plant Flow,” History of Scarboro, Canada: 1941–1945.
29. “Plant Flow,” History of Scarboro, Canada: 1941–1945.
30. “Flow of Materials,” History of Scarboro, Canada: 1941–1945. Note: These small buildings — Nos. 116–125 — are not identified on GECO Engineer’s Sketch.
31. “The Start of Production,” History of Scarboro, Canada: 1941–1945.
32. “Engineering and Construction,” History of Scarboro, Canada: 1941–1945.
33. Ibid.
34. Ibid.
35. J. de N. Kennedy, History of the Department of Munitions and Supply: Canada in the Second World War (Ottawa: King’s Printer, 1950), I:76.
36. “Engineering and Construction,” History of Scarboro, Canada: 1941–1945.
37. Ibid.
38. Ibid.
39. Ibid.
40. Ibid.
41. J. de N. Kennedy, History of the Department of Munitions and Supply: Canada in the Second World War, I: 304; Philip Hamilton, personal interview with author, Montreal, July 2012; The General Engineering Company Canada Ltd. Scarboro Munitions Plan A.W.S.C. Project 24, 1941–1945 (Ontario: Arrow Films, 1945).
42. “Flow of Materials,” History of Scarboro, Canada: 1941–1945.
43. Ibid.
44. Ibid.
45. Ibid.
46. “Progress of Plant Design,” History of Scarboro, Canada: 1941–1945.
47. “Description of Plant” and “Plant Design,” History of Scarboro, Canada: 1941–1945.
48. “Description of Plant,” History of Scarboro, Canada: 1941–1945.
49. “Description of Plant” and “Plant Design,” History of Scarboro, Canada: 1941–1945.
50. “A Farm — A Construction Job — A War Plant — And 236 Days” GECO Fusilier, April 11, 1942, 3.
51. Insurance Plan of the City of Toronto (Underwriters’ Survey Bureau Limited, January 1956), Volume 9, Sheets 948-1 to 978.
52. Ibid.
53. “Cafeteria and Canteen Service,” Review of Industrial Relations, Article 16 (July 1943): 29.
54. “Construction,” History of Scarboro, Canada: 1941–1945.
55. Ibid.
56. “Staff Meetings,” History of Scarboro, Canada: 1941–1945.
57. Ibid.
58. “Scarboro Defies Storm King…,” GECO Fusilier, December 18, 1944, 7; “The Following Buildings Have Been Suitably Treated and are Available for Industrial Purposes,” Decontamination and Desensitizing, 1945–46, F2082-1-1-7, Archives of Ontario; Philip Hamilton, personal interview with author, Montreal, July 2012; John Everest, personal interview with author, Scarborough, ON, 2013.
59. “The Real Meaning of ‘Sc/C’,” GECO Fusilier, June 20, 1942, 2; “Scarboro in the Beginning,” GECO Fusilier, July 31, 1945, 6.
60. “Background of Scarboro,” History of Scarboro, Canada: 1941–1945. Note: Mud about one foot deep is equivalent to approximately thirty centimetres.
61. “Facts and Figures,” GECO Fusilier, July 31, 1945, 7; J. de N. Kennedy, History of the Department of Munitions and Supply: Canada in the Second World War, I: 301. Note: In GECO’s employee newspaper the cost to build the plant was stated at $7,181,124, while in Kennedy’s account the cost was $7,118,097
62. “Chronology of Scarboro/Canada,” History of Scarboro, Canada: 1941–1945; “Introduction of Improvements,” History of Scarboro, Canada: 1941–1945.
63. “Background of Scarboro” and “Plant Capacity,” History of Scarboro, Canada: 1941–1945.
64. E. Flexman, “Magnificent Contribution to War Effort Made by Scarboro People,” GECO Fusilier, July 31, 1945, 5; “Construction,” History of Scarboro, Canada: 1941–1945.
65. “From Farm to Munition Plant,” GECO Fusilier, July 31, 1945, 2.
66. “A Farm — A Construction Job — A War Plant — And 236 Days,” GECO Fusilier, April 11, 1942, 4.
67. “Description of Plant,” History of Scarboro, Canada: 1941–1945.
68. “From Farm to Munition Plant,” GECO Fusilier, July 31, 1945; “Progress of Plant Design,” History of Scarboro, Canada: 1941–1945.
69. “A Farm — A Construction Job — A War Plant — And 236 Days,” GECO Fusilier, April 11, 1942, 4; “‘From Farm to Munition Plant,’ GECO Fusilier, July 31, 1945, 2; Construction Detail,” History of Scarboro, Canada: 1941–1945; “Summary of Floor Areas,” Department of Munitions and Supply, Defense Projects Construction Branch, The General Engineering Company (Canada) Limited, A.W.S.C. Project No. 24, Scarboro, Ontario, F2082-1-1-26, Archives of Ontario. Note: In “Summary of Floor Areas,” total floor area was listed as 649,710 square feet.
70. “From Farm to Munition Plant,” GECO Fusilier, July 31, 1945, 2.

Chapter 4
1. “Chronology of Scarboro/Canada,” History of Scarboro, Canada: 1941–1945, 1945, F2082-1-1-18, Archives of Ontario.
2. “Production — Initial Period,” History of Scarboro, Canada: 1941—1945; E. Flexman, “Magnificent Contribution to War Effort Made by Scarboro People,” GECO Fusilier, July 31, 1945, 5.
3.“Production — Initial Period,” History of Scarboro, Canada: 1941–1945.
4. Ibid.
5. Ibid.
6. E. Flexman, “Magnificent Contribution to War Effort Made by Scarboro People,” GECO Fusilier, July 31, 1945, 5.
7. Ibid., 4.
8. “Chronology of Scarboro/Canada,” History of Scarboro, Canada: 1941–1945; “The Start of Production,” History of Scarboro, Canada: 1941–1945. Note: In the “Start of Production” account, GECO’s early fuse-filling schedule differed slightly.
9. “Scarboro in the Beginning,” GECO Fusilier, July 31, 1945, 7.
10. E. Flexman, “Magnificent Contribution to War Effort Made by Scarboro People,” GECO Fusilier, July 31, 1945, 5.
11. “Organization, Preparation for Production,” History of Scarboro, Canada: 1941–1945.
12. Ibid.
13. “Production — Initial Period,” History of Scarboro, Canada: 1941–1945.
14. Ibid.
15. Ibid.
16. Ibid.
17. Ibid.
18. Ibid.
19. J. de N. Kennedy, History of the Department of Munitions and Supply: Canada in the Second World War (Ottawa: King’s Printer, 1950), I: 303.
20. Ibid.
21. Ibid.
22. Ibid.
23. “Tooling Problems, Personnel,” History of Scarboro, Canada: 1941–1945.
24. E. Flexman, “Magnificent Contribution to War Effort Made by Scarboro People,” GECO Fusilier, July 31, 1945, 7.
25. “Planning and Records,” History of Scarboro, Canada: 1941–1945.
26. Lieut.-Col. H. Read, R.A., “Good Ammunition Corner-Stone of United Nation’s War Effort,” GECO Fusilier, January 24, 1944, 2.
27. Ibid.
28. “Government and Factory Inspection,” History of Scarboro, Canada: 1941–1945.
29. “A Farm — A Construction Job — A War Plant — And 236 Days,” GECO Fusilier, April 11, 1942, 4.
30. “Chronology of Scarboro/Canada,” History of Scarboro, Canada: 1941–1945.
31. Ibid.; E. Flexman, “Magnificent Contribution to War Effort Made by Scarboro People,” GECO Fusilier, July 31, 1945, 4.
32. “From Farm to Munition Plant,” GECO Fusilier, July 31, 1945, 2.
33. “Progress in Initial Period,” History of Scarboro, Canada: 1941–1945.

Chapter 5
1. Gilbert Stone, ed., Women Workers of World War I (Glasgow: Mansion Field, Zeticula, 2007), 29, 30.
2. Ibid., 38, 39.
3. “Organization,” History of Scarboro, Canada: 1941–1945, 1945, F2082-1-1-18, Archives of Ontario; “Chronology of Scarboro/Canada,” History of Scarboro, Canada: 1941–1945, 1945, F2082-1-1-18, Archives of Ontario.
4. “Organization,” History of Scarboro, Canada: 1941–1945.
5. Jean Hall, “What Production Management Needs to Learn about Women!” Manufacturing and Industrial Engineering, July 1943, 12.
6. Ibid.
7. Ibid.
8. Ibid., 13.
9. Ibid.; “Proper Use of Salt Tablets,” GECO Fusilier, August 1, 1942, 2.
10. Jean Hall, “What Production Management Needs to Learn about Women!”,12.
11. Ibid.
12. Ibid., 16.
13. Employment Booklet for Prospective Employees (Toronto: General Engineering Company (Canada) Limited, February 15, 1943 edition), Miscellaneous, F2802-1-1-32, Archives of Ontario; Ammunition Saves Lives (Toronto: Employment and Selective Service, April 1, 1944 edition), 4.
14. J. de N. Kennedy, History of the Department of Munitions and Supply: Canada in the Second World War (Ottawa: King’s Printer, 1950), II: 360.
15. Ibid.
16. Ibid.
17. Ibid.
18. Ammunition Saves Lives (Toronto: Employment and Selective Service, April 1, 1944 edition), 3.
19. “Chronology of Scarboro/Canada,” History of Scarboro, Canada: 1941–1945.
20. R.M.P. Hamilton and Hartley McVicar, “Let’s Visit,” audio interview, RG 17-3-0-56, F2082-1-3, Archives of Ontario.
21. Ibid.
22. “Employment,” History of Scarboro, Canada: 1941–1945.
23. Ibid.; Employment Booklet for Prospective Employees (Toronto: General Engineering Company (Canada) Limited, February 15, 1943 edition), Miscellaneous, F2802-1-1-32, Archives of Ontario; Ammunition Saves Lives, 3.
24. “Employment,” History of Scarboro, Canada: 1941–1945; Employment Booklet for Prospective Employees.
25. L.C. Morrow, “Industrial Relations: Key to Canadian Plant Success,” Factory Management and Maintenance, Vol. 103 (February 1945): 105.
26. Ibid.; “Air Raid Precautions,” History of Scarboro, Canada: 1941–1945.
27. Morrow, “Industrial Relations: Key to Canadian Plant Success,” 105.
28. Ibid.
29. Ross Davis, “We’re All in the Good Fight Together,” GECO Fusilier, April 11, 1942, Front Page.

Chapter 6
1. “Progress in Initial Period,” History of Scarboro, Canada: 1941–1945, 1945, F2082-1-1-18, Archives of Ontario.
2. “Monthly Record of Employment 1941–1945,” Plant Review Appendices, 1945, F2082-1-1-25, Archives of Ontario.
3. “Employment,” History of Scarboro, Canada: 1941–1945; Ernie Pickles, Letter to author, July 31, 2014.
4. “General Engineering Co (Canada) Ltd. Scarboro Plant with Bus Lines and Complementary Transportation Services,” F2082-1-1-25, Ontario Archives.
5. “New Bus Route Starting Monday,” GECO Fusilier, March 27, 1943, Front Page.
6. Ibid., 6.
7. “New Shift Schedule,” GECO Fusilier, October 31, 1942, 4.
8. Employee’s Guidebook (Toronto: General Engineering Company (Canada) Limited, 1943 edition), F2802-1-1-32, Archives of Ontario, 5, 6.
9. I.D. Card for R.M.P. Hamilton, Miscellaneous, F2802-1-1-32, Archives of Ontario.
10. Employee’s Guidebook (Toronto: General Engineering Company (Canada) Limited, 1943 edition), F2802-1-1-32, Archives of Ontario, 4.
11. Ibid.
12. “Laundry,” History of Scarboro, Canada: 1941–1945.
13. Employee’s Guidebook, 4; J. de N. Kennedy, History of the Department of Munitions and Supply: Canada in the Second World War (Ottawa: King’s Printer, 1950), I: 311; “Security,” History of Scarboro, Canada: 1941–1945.
14. “Security,” History of Scarboro, Canada: 1941–1945.
15. Chapter 49, Official Secrets Act, Statutes of Canada: www.historyofrights.com/statutes/federal/Official_Sec.pdf.
16. Ibid.
17. Employee’s Guidebook, 4.
18. Regulations of the Scarboro Plant: Clean Workers (Toronto: General Engineering Company (Canada) Limited, September 30, 1941 edition), 4, F2802-1-1-32, Archives of Ontario.
19. Ibid.
20. Ibid., 13, 14.
21. Ibid., 4.
22. “Change Houses, Operations and Administration,” History of Scarboro, Canada: 1941–1945.
23. Philip Hamilton, personal interview with author, Montreal, July 2012.
24. Ibid.
25. “Change Houses, Operations and Administration,” History of Scarboro, Canada: 1941–1945.
26. Ibid.
27. Poster depicted in photo for article: “Ten Thousand Dollars Collected for B.W.V.F.,” GECO Fusilier, April 2, 1945, 4.
28. “Change Houses, Operations and Administration,” History of Scarboro, Canada: 1941–1945.
29. Ibid.
30. Regulations of the Scarboro Plant: Clean Workers, 5.
31. Ibid.
32. Ibid.
33. “Letters from Sylvia Nordstrand about Geco,” City of Toronto Archives, Fonds 594142-9, Series 89, File 87, 1988–1989.
34. Ibid., 14; Employee’s Guidebook, 9.
35. Employee’s Guidebook, 9.
36. Regulations of the Scarboro Plant: Clean Workers, 4; Employee’s Guidebook, 9.
37. Employee’s Guidebook, 10.
38. Regulations of the Scarboro Plant: Clean Workers, 9, 10.
39. “Letters from Sylvia Nordstrand about Geco.”
40. Ibid.
41. Employment Booklet for Prospective Employees (Toronto: General Engineering Company (Canada) Limited, February 15, 1943 edition), Miscellaneous, F2802-1-1-32, Archives of Ontario.
42. Ross Davis, “Editor’s Column,” GECO Fusilier, August 1, 1942, 2.
43. Inside Flap, GECO Matchbook, Eddy Match Co. Limited Canada, Courtesy David Carr, Trans Canada Matchbook Club.
44. “Medical Department,” History of Scarboro, Canada: 1941–1945.
45. “Organization,” History of Scarboro, Canada: 1941–1945.
46. “Medical Department,” History of Scarboro, Canada: 1941–1945.
47. Ibid.
48. “Organization, Organization and Administration,” History of Scarboro, Canada: 1941–1945.
49. “Material” and “Design,” Employee Uniform Manual, F2082-1-2-15, Archives of Ontario; R.M.P. Hamilton, “A Short History of the General Engineering Company Inc.,” June 1976, 3. Note: “Fire-proofing” employee uniforms was a GECO-initiated innovation and became standard practice in post-war Britain.
50. Ibid.
51. Ibid.; “Why Turbans?” GECO Fusilier, August 14, 1943, 2; “Letters from Sylvia Nordstrand about Geco.”
52. “Material” and “Design,” Employee Uniform Manual.
53. Ibid.; “Organization, Organization and Administration,” History of Scarboro, Canada: 1941–1945.
54. “Uniforms and Housekeeping,” Review of Industrial Relations, Article 25 (July 1943): 47.
55. Ibid.
56. Ibid.
57. “Pyjamas — House Dress?” GECO Fusilier, November 20, 1944, 2.
58. “Our Barrier Lady,” GECO Fusilier, July 31, 1945, 3.
59. “Entrance and Leaving,” Regulations of the Scarboro Plant: Clean Workers, 14; “Article 11, Change House Regulations,” Employee’s Guidebook, (1943): 9.
60. “Shops,” Regulations of the Scarboro Plant: Clean Workers.
61. “Plant Design,” History of Scarboro, Canada: 1941–1945.
62. “Letters from Sylvia Nordstrand about Geco.”
63. Ibid.
64. Note on the back of a shop photo by GECOite Hilda Keast, courtesy of her son, John Alan Harris; “Shift Scheduling,” Review of Industrial Relations, Article 8 (July 1943): 15, 16.
65. “Shift Scheduling,” Review of Industrial Relations, Article 8 (July 1943): 15, 16.
66. “Safety,” History of Scarboro, Canada: 1941–1945.
67. Ibid.
68. Lou Skuce Cartoon, Toronto Archives, “He’s worked here ever since…”, Lou Skuce Cartoons for Wartime Posters, City of Toronto Archives, Fonds 70, Series 858, File 83.
69. Ibid.
70. “Safety,” History of Scarboro, Canada: 1941–1945.
71. “General,” Regulations of the Scarboro Plant: Clean Workers, 11. Note: “Skylarking” involved any bodily contact with another employee or with equipment that didn’t adhere to the plant’s strict code of behaviour.
72. Ibid.
73. Ibid.
74. “Shops,” Regulations of the Scarboro Plant: Clean Workers, 15.
75. J. de N. Kennedy, History of the Department of Munitions and Supply: Canada in the Second World War (Ottawa: King’s Printer, 1950), I: 305.
76. “Typical Fuze Filling Operations at Scarboro: Fuze No. 251 — Shop No. 67,” Drawing No. 3814, History of Scarboro, Canada: 1941–1945.
77. “Development on the H.E. Side,” History of Scarboro, Canada: 1941–1945.
78. Ibid.; “Bofots 40 mm gun,” Wikipedia, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bofors_40_mm_gun.
79. “Typical Fuze Filling Operations at Scarboro: Fuze No. 251 — Shop No. 67,” Drawing No. 3814, History of Scarboro, Canada: 1941–1945.
80. Ibid.
81. Ibid.
82. Ibid.
83. Ibid.
84. Ibid.
85. Ibid.
86. Ibid.; “The General Engineering Company (Canada) Ltd. Scarborough, Canada, Typical Layout of Fuze Filling Ship Fuze 251 Shop 67C,” Drawing No. 3814.
87. Ibid.; Ibid.
88. Ibid.; Ibid.
89. Ibid.: Ibid.
90. “The General Engineering Company (Canada) Ltd. Scarborough, Canada, Typical Layout of Fuze Filling Shop Fuze 251 Shop 67C,” Drawing No. 3814, Organization and Administration, History of Scarboro, Canada: 1941–1945.
91. “Introduction,” History of Scarboro, Canada: 1941–1945.
92. “The General Engineering Company (Canada) Ltd. Scarborough, Canada, Typical Layout of Fuze Filling Shop Fuze 251 Shop 67C,” Drawing No. 3814, Organization and Administration, History of Scarboro, Canada: 1941–1945.
93. “Flow of Materials,” History of Scarboro, Canada: 1941–1945.
94. Ibid.
95. Ammunition Saves Lives (Toronto: Employment and Selective Service, April 1, 1944 edition), 4.
96. “Cafeteria and Canteen Service,” Review of Industrial Relations, Article 16 (July 1943): 28–30, F2082-1-1-21, Archives of Ontario.
97. Ammunition Saves Lives, 4; “Cafeteria and Canteen Service,” Review of Industrial Relations, Article 16 (July 1943): 29.
98. “Article 13, Cafeteria Services,” Employee’s Guidebook.
99. “Letters from Sylvia Nordstrand about Geco.”
100. “Cafeteria Organization Chart, Cafeteria,” History of Scarboro, Canada: 1941–1945; R.M.P. Hamilton, “A Short History of the General Engineering Company Inc.,” June 1976, 3. “GECO Canteen one the Finest … Operates on Non-Profit Basis,” GECO Fusilier, May 9, 1942, 2. Note: In the May 9, 1942 edition of the GECO Fusilier, it states that GECO cafeteria had the seating capacity of 1,200.
101. Employment Booklet for Prospective Employees; Ammunition Saves Lives, 4; “Cafeteria and Canteen Service,” Review of Industrial Relations, Article 16 (July 1943): 29; Carol Knight, personal interview with author, 2007.
102. Ammunition Saves Lives, 4.
103. “GECO Canteen one the Finest … Operates on Non-Profit Basis,” GECO Fusilier, May 9, 1942, 2.
104. “GECO Cafeteria Menu, October 15th, 1943,” Plant Review Appendixes, F2802-1-1-25, Archives of Ontario.
105. Ibid.
106. “Cafeteria and Canteen Service,” Review of Industrial Relations, Article 16 (July 1943): 29.
107. Ammunition Saves Lives, 4; L.C. Morrow, “Industrial Relations: Key to Canadian Plant Success,” Factory Management and Maintenance, Vol. 103 (February 1945): 104.
108. Elizabeth Warner, personal interview with author, 2012.
109. “Find Meals Better Here in Industrial Cafeterias,” Toronto Daily Star, April 26, 1944, 21.
110. Ibid.
111. Molly Danniels, personal interview with author, 2009.
112. Joyce Morgan, “Cleanside Visit Opens Stenogs Eyes,” GECO Fusilier, March 27, 1943, 2.

Chapter 7
1. “Employee Record Cards,” Disposition of Records — 1946, F2802-1-1-10, Archives of Ontario.
2. “Employment” and “Production,” History of Scarboro, Canada: 1941–1945, 1945, F2082-1-1-18, Archives of Ontario; “Clock Force Report from Time Office,” Form Scar 771, November 10, 1944, Plant Review Appendices, F2082-1-1-25, Archives of Ontario; “Summary of Reporting Groups and Depts., ‘Full Time’ Hourly Employee Force Reports,” Form Scar. 776, November 10, 1944, Plant Review Appendices, F2082-1-1-25, Archives of Ontario.
3. “800,000 Canadian Men and Women Now Employed in War Industries,” GECO Fusilier, August 1, 1942, 2.
4. “Saga of a Woman,” GECO Fusilier, October 17, 1942, 2.
5. “Employment” and “Production,” History of Scarboro, Canada: 1941–1945.
6. Adapted from “Charming Taxi Driver Selected By Paramount,” GECO Fusilier, November 20, 1943, 3.
7. Written correspondence from Mika Farer, September 2014.
8. Ibid.
9. Ibid.
10. Paul Ignatieff, telephone interview, August, September 2014.
11. Ibid
12. Mika Farer, written correspondence, September 2014.
13. Ibid.
14. R.M.P. Hamilton and Hartley McVicar, “Let’s Visit,” audio interview, RG 17-3-0-56, F2082-1-3, Archives of Ontario.
15. Ibid.
16. Paul Ignatieff, telephone interview, August, September 2014.
17. Joyce Hibbert, Fragments of War: Stories of Survival of World War II (Toronto: Dundurn Press, 1985). Note: Joyce’s account is mostly accurate except that shifts did not run on Sunday.
18. “Find Meals Better Here in Industrial Cafeterias,” Toronto Daily Star, April 26, 1944, 21.
19. Paul Ignatieff, telephone interview, August, September 2014.
20. Ibid.
21. Paul Ignatieff, telephone interview, August, September 2014.
22. Ibid.
23. Mika Farer, written correspondence, September 2014.
24. Paul Ignatieff, telephone interview, August, September 2014.
25. Ibid.
26. Ibid.
27. Ibid.
28. Ibid.
29. Ibid.
30. Mika Farer, written correspondence, September 2014.
31. Paul Ignatieff, telephone interview, August, September 2014.
32. Ibid.
33. Ibid.
34. Ibid.
35. Mika Farer, written correspondence, September 2014.
36. Molly Danniels, personal interview with author, 2009.
37. Ibid.
38. John Alan Harris (Hilda Keast’s son), personal interview with author, 2012; Notes made by Hilda Keast on backside of photo taken at GECO, circa 1945; Collage of “Ping Pones” with names on reverse, circa 1945.
39. Ibid.
40. Hilda Keast, comment on back of photograph.
41. Ibid.
42. Uncaptioned photo, GECO Fusilier, April 16, 1945, 2.
43. Notes made by Hilda Keast on backside of photo taken at GECO, circa 1945; Collage of “Ping Pones” with names on reverse, circa 1945.
44. Ibid.
45. Note: While Carol LeCappelain believed she escorted the filled munitions through the tunnel system, she more than likely travelled through the gallery system. There is no indication in GECO’s records that tunnels were used for transporting munitions.
46. Carol LeCappelain, personal interview with author, Scarborough, ON, 2009.
47. Jackie Eden, written correspondence, 2012.
48. Ibid.
49. H.M., “War Very Real to Mrs. Peggy MacKay,” GECO Fusilier, March 27, 1943, Front page.
50. Ibid.
51. Ibid.
52. Ibid.
53. Ibid.
54. Ibid.
55. Peggy MacKay, quoted in “War Very Real to Mrs. Peggy MacKay.”
56 “Sculptor Models ‘War Worker’,” GECO Fusilier, July 3, 1943, 2.
57. Ibid.
58. Ibid.
59. Ibid., 24a; “Mobile Canteen Officially Presented,” GECO Fusilier, June 5, 1943, 2.
60. Stella Lowcock, personal interview with author, Oshawa, ON, 2011.
61. Ibid.
62. John Craig, The Noronic is Burning! (Don Mills, ON: General Publishing, 1976), 50.
63. Ibid., 3, 116.
64. Ibid., 116.
65. Stella Lowcock, personal interview with author, Oshawa, ON, 2011.
66. Mary Shearer, personal interview with author, Don Mills, ON, 2013.
67. Ibid.
68. Ibid.
69. Ibid.
70. Ibid.
71. Ibid.
72. Ibid.
73. Ibid.
74. Ibid.
75. Ibid.
76. Ibid.
77. Ibid.
78. Ibid.
79. Ibid.
80. Ibid.
81. Ibid.
82. Kenneth Bagnell, The Little Immigrants: The Orphans Who Came to Canada (Toronto: MacMillan of Canada, 1980), 109.
83. Ibid.
84. Ibid., 201.
85. Ibid., front flap.
86. Audrey Greenwood, personal interview with author, Scarborough, ON, 2013.
87. Rena O’Hagan and Barry O’Hagan, personal interview with author, Newmarket, ON, 2012.
88. Ibid.
89. Ibid.
90. Victoria Drake, personal interview with author, Scarborough, ON, 2013.
91. Anne Parkin, telephone interview, 2013.
92. Ibid.
93. Ibid.
94. Ibid.
95. Ibid.
96. Ibid.
97. Ibid.
98. Ibid.
99. Ibid.
100. Ibid.
101. Ibid.
102. Ibid.
103. Ibid.
104. Ibid.
105. Ibid.
106. Ibid.
107. Brian Roberts, written correspondence, 2014.
108. Roxaline Wood’s Identification Card, issued by the Inspection Board of the United Kingdom and Canada, Courtesy Mary Elstone, circa 1945.
109. Ron Wood, personal interview with author, Scarborough, ON, 2012.
110. Bill Howe, personal interview with author, Scarborough, ON, 2013.
111. Ibid.
112. Ibid.
113. Ibid.
114. Ibid. Note: A “Material Received Report” (MMR) was just one of many government forms GECO managed while in operation. An MMR was filled out for any materials received at the plant.
115. Ibid.
116. Ibid.
117. Ibid.
118. Ibid.
119. Ibid.
120. Phillip MacDonald, personal interview with author, Picton, ON, 2012.
121. Stanley B. MacDonald, letter, August 27, 2012.
122. Laura Neville, “‘Piston Packin’ Moma’ Joins GECO Fleet,” GECO Fusilier, November 20, 1943, 6; “Transportation Fleet List,” Construction and Maintenance Costs, F2082-1-1-6, Ontario Archives.
123. Phillip MacDonald, personal interview with author, Picton, ON, 2012.
124. Stanley MacDonald, letter, August 27, 2012.
125. Phillip MacDonald, personal interview with author, Picton, ON, 2012.
126. Ibid.
127. Ibid.
128. Ibid.
129. Kerry and Jim Sullivan, personal interview with author, 2013.
130. Ibid.
131. Ibid.
132. “Transportation Fleet List,” Construction and Maintenance Costs.
133. Kerry and Jim Sullivan, personal interview with author, 2013.
134. Ibid.
135. Ibid.
136. Ibid.
137. Ibid.
138. John and Priscilla Waddell, personal interview with author, 2011.
139. Ibid.
140. Ibid.
141. Ibid.
142. “Sawdust Brigade Play Part in Passing the Ammunition,” GECO Fusilier, February 27, 1943, 2.
143. Ibid.
144. John and Priscilla Waddell, personal interview with author, 2011.
145. Ibid.
146 “Sculptor Models ‘War Worker’,” GECO Fusilier, July 3, 1943, 2; John A. Stevens and Harold Pfeiffer, The Man Who Makes Heads with His Hands: The Art and Life of Harold Pfeiffer, Sculptor, (Burnstown, ON: General Store Publishing, 1997), 26. Note: In GECO’s account of Harold’s story, he joined the company in the spring of 1942.
147. Ibid.; Ibid.
148.Stevens and Pfeiffer, The Man Who Makes Heads with His Hands, 1, 18.
149. Ibid.
150. Ibid., 20.
151. Ibid., 25.
152. Ibid., 25, 26.
153. Ibid., 26.
154. “Sculptor Models ‘War Worker’,” GECO Fusilier, July 3, 1943, 2.
155. Stevens and Pfeiffer, The Man Who Makes Heads with His Hands, 28.
156. Ibid., 32.
157. Ibid., 53.
158. Ibid., 34.
159. Ibid., 167.
160. Ibid., 177.
161. Ernie Pickles, personal interview with author, 2013.
162. Ibid.
163. Ibid.
164. Ibid.
165. Ernie Pickles, written correspondence, August 2014.
166. Note: According to company documentation, the boxes Ernie used for “tightening” were made of steel; “Typical Fuze Filling Operations at Scarboro: Fuze No. 251 — Shop No. 67,” Drawing No. 3814, History of Scarboro, Canada: 1941–1945.
167. Ernie Pickles, personal interview with author, 2013.
168. Ibid.
169. Ibid.
170. Ibid.
171. Ibid.
172. Ibid. Note: Ernie marched between thirty-two to forty-eight kilometres each day.
173. Sue Szydlik, written correspondence, 2012.
174. Ibid.
175. Ibid.
176. Ibid.
177. Ibid.
178. John Everest, personal interview with author, Scarborough, ON, 2013.
179. Ibid.
180. Ibid.
181. Sidney Ledson, personal interview with author, Scarborough, ON, 2011.
182. Ibid.
183. Ibid.
184. Ibid.
185. Note: While Sidney’s workshop mates enjoyed the luxury of opening exterior doors on a warm evening, maintaining humidity was essential in many fuse-filling operations and doors would have been kept closed.
186. Tamara Hermann, personal interview with author, Markham, ON, 2011.
187. Ibid.
188. Ibid.
189. Ibid.
190. “Chronology of Scarboro/Canada,” History of Scarboro, Canada: 1941–1945.
191. Note: James Gaye Stewart, born in 1923, played eleven seasons in the National Hockey League with five of the “Original Six” NHL teams — all but the Boston Bruins. He scored 185 goals. He won two Stanley Cups with the Toronto Maple Leafs, the first in 1942 when he was called up from the minors to play the final game of the season. The following season he beat out another first-year rookie named Maurice “Rocket” Richard to win the “Rookie of the Year” Calder Trophy. After the war ended, Mr. Stewart went on to win another Stanley Cup in ’47. He died in 2010 at the age of eighty-seven. Sources: www.legendsofhockey.net; Lance Hornby, “Former Leaf star Gaye Stewart dies,” Toronto Sun, November 19, 2010.
192. Greg Simerson, personal interview with author, Scarborough, ON, 2012.
193. George Gamester, “Wartime Toronto’s lost city,” Toronto Star, January 13, 2002, A15.
194. Greg Simerson, personal interview with author, Scarborough, ON, 2012.
195. Peter Cranston, written correspondence, 2013.
196. Ibid.
197. Ibid.
198. “Typical Fuze Filling Operations at Scarboro: Fuze No. 251 — Shop No. 67,” Drawing No. 3814, History of Scarboro, Canada: 1941–1945.
199. Peter Cranston, written correspondence, 2013.
200. Ibid.
201. Ibid.
202. Ibid.
203. Ibid.
204. “Saga of a Man,” GECO Fusilier, September 26, 1942, Front Page.
205. Ibid.
206. “Saga of a Woman,” GECO Fusilier, October 17, 1942, 2.
207. Note: While this GECO war worker wished to share her wartime experience, she requested no personal details of her family be mentioned.
208. Bill Van Iterson, “Biographical Summaries of Bob and Betty Hamilton,” www.ancestry.ca, 1, accessed November 20, 2010.
209. Ibid.
210. Ibid.
211. Philip H.B. Hamilton, personal interview with author, Montreal, July 2012.
212. Ibid.
213. Ibid.
214. Ibid.
215. Ibid.; Van Iterson, “Biographical Summaries of Bob and Betty Hamilton,” 2.
216. Philip H. B. Hamilton, personal interview with author, Montreal, July 2012.
217. Ibid.
218. Ibid.
219. Louise Hamilton (daughter of Philip H.B. Hamilton), written correspondence, August 2014.
220. Ibid.
221. Ibid.
222. Ibid.
223. Van Iterson, “Biographical Summaries of Bob and Betty Hamilton,” 2.
224. Ibid.
225. Philip H.B. Hamilton, personal interview with author, Montreal, July 2012.
226. Van Iterson, “Biographical Summaries of Bob and Betty Hamilton,” 2.
227. Ibid., 4.
228. Ibid.; John McLean Parsons Hamilton (son of Robert McLean Parsons Hamilton), written correspondence, July 2014.
229. Alan Hustak, “Stanley Banfill: POW Survived Black Christmas,” National Post, May 30, 2007, AL11.
230. Ibid.
231. J.J. Carrick, “A Ton of Books,” publication unknown, F2082-1-1-32, Archives of Ontario.
232. Leslie Roberts, Noranda (Toronto: Clark, Irwin & Co., 1956), 203; John McLean Parsons Hamilton, written correspondence, July 2014.
233. Roberts, Noranda, 204.
234. Ibid.
235. Ibid.
236. Van Iterson, “Biographical Summaries of Bob and Betty Hamilton,” 5.
237. Ibid.
238. Ibid.
239. Ibid., 6.
240. Ibid.
241. Ibid., 7.
242. Philip H.B. Hamilton, personal interview with author, Montreal, July 2012.
243. Van Iterson, “Biographical Summaries of Bob and Betty Hamilton,” 7.
244. Ibid.
245. John McLean Parsons Hamilton, “Euology for Philip Dawson Prior Hamilton, 1996.
246. Philip H.B. Hamilton, personal interview with author, Montreal, July 2012.
247. Ibid.
248. Ibid.
249. Ibid.
250. Ibid.
251. http://mountroyalcem.com/obituaries/index.php/page/detailed/en/589, accessed November 11, 2013; “Philip Henry Banfill Hamilton,” Toronto Star, November 13, 2013,GT5.
252. John McLean Parsons Hamilton, personal interview with author, Elora, ON, February 2013.
253. Ibid.
254. Ibid.
255. Ibid.
256. Ibid.
257. Ibid.
258. Ibid.
259. Ibid.
260. Ibid.
261. Ibid.
262. Ibid.
263. Ibid.
264. Ibid.

Chapter 8
1. “Production — Initial Period,” History of Scarboro, Canada: 1941–1945, 1945, F2082-1-1-18, Archives of Ontario, 1.
2, Ibid.
3. “Safety,” History of Scarboro, Canada: 1941–1945.
4. Ibid.
5. J. de N. Kennedy, History of the Department of Munitions and Supply: Canada in the Second World War (Ottawa: King’s Printer, 1950), I: 306.
6. Ibid.
7. “Safety,” History of Scarboro, Canada: 1941–1945.
8. “A Short History of National Filling Factory, No. 7, Hayes, Middlesex,” The General Engineering Company (Canada) Limited — British Counterpart to Sc/S (circa 1919), 24, F2082-1-1-2, Archives of Ontario.
9. Ibid.
10. W.H. Pitcher, “… and Pass the Ammunition — Review of Fuse-Filling Operations at General Engineering Co. (Canada) Ltd., Scarboro,” Canadian Chemistry and Process Industries, May, 1944.
11. “Plant Design,” History of Scarboro, Canada: 1941–1945.
12. J. de N. Kennedy, History of the Department of Munitions and Supply: Canada in the Second World War, I: 310; “Security,” History of Scarboro, Canada: 1941–1945, 1.
13. Photo Caption: “Almost 80 percent of our security guards are old army men. Their military training shows in their bearing,” GECO Fusilier, April 10, 1943, 2.
14. “Security,” Review of Industrial Relations, Article 15 (July 1943): 27; “Security Department,” History of Scarboro, Canada: 1941–1945, 1.
15. Ibid.
16. J. de N. Kennedy, History of the Department of Munitions and Supply: Canada in the Second World War, I: 310.
17. Rules and Regulations for Plant Guards, A.S.W.C. Project No. 24, Scarboro, 1943 (Toronto: General Engineering Company (Canada) Limited, 1943 edition), F2802-1-1-31, Archives of Ontario.
18. Photo Caption: “Parading the guards, a daily institution at the Plant,” GECO Fusilier, April 10, 1943, 3.
19. “Security,” Review of Industrial Relations, Article 15 (July 1943): 26.
20. Ibid.
21. Ibid.
22. “Summary of Security Department Reports, Security,” Plant Review Appendices, 1945, F2082-1-1-25, Archives of Ontario.
23. Ibid.
24. Regulations of the Scarboro Plant: Clean Workers (Toronto: General Engineering Company (Canada) Limited, September 30, 1941 edition), F2802-1-1-32, Archives of Ontario, 4.
25. Ibid.
26. “Air Raid Precautions,” History of Scarboro, Canada: 1941–1945, 1.
27. Ibid.
28. “Progress of Plant Design” and “Description of Plant,” History of Scarboro, Canada: 1941–1945, 1; “Water Supply” and “Fire Protection,” Department of Munitions and Supply, Defense Projects Construction Branch, The General Engineering Company (Canada) Limited, A.W.S.C. Project No. 24, Scarboro, Ontario, F2082-1-1-5, Archives of Ontario, 1; Note: There is a discrepancy in the quantity of water GECO’s reservoir held. In “Description of Plant” and “Water Supply” accounts, its capacity is stated at 2.25 million gallons. In “Fire Protection,” it’s 2.5 million gallons. In “Progress of Plant Design,” 250,000 gallons is recorded.
29. “Fire Protection,” Department of Munitions and Supply, Defense Projects Construction Branch, The General Engineering Company (Canada) Limited, A.W.S.C. Project No. 24, Scarboro, Ontario, F2082-1-1-5, Archives of Ontario. 1.
30. Ibid.
31. Ibid.
32. Ibid.
33. “Air Raid Precautions,” History of Scarboro, Canada: 1941–1945, 1.
34. “Engineer’s Sketch,” General Engineering Co. (Canada) Ltd. Scarboro Campus, 1942, F2082-1-1-25, Ontario Archives.
35. Ibid.
36. Ibid.
37. “Air Raid Precautions,” History of Scarboro, Canada: 1941–1945, 1.
38. Robert R. Bonis, ed., A History of Scarborough (Scarborough, ON: Scarborough Public Library, 1968), 219.
39. “GECO, Ajax Need Girls to Put Kick in Shells,” Toronto Daily Star, July 4, 1944, Front Page.
40. Ibid.
41. “Fire Protection,” Department of Munitions and Supply, Defense Projects Construction Branch, The General Engineering Company (Canada) Limited, A.W.S.C. Project No. 24, Scarboro, Ontario, F2082-1-1-5, Archives of Ontario, 1.
42. Ibid.
43. “GECO, Ajax Need Girls to Put Kick in Shells,” Toronto Daily Star, July 4, 1944, Front Page.
44. Ibid.
45. Ibid.; Rules and Regulations for Plant Guards.
46. Ibid.
47. Ibid.
48. “Plant Design,” History of Scarboro, Canada: 1941–1945, 1.
49. “Engineer’s Sketch,” General Engineering Co. (Canada) Ltd. Scarboro Campus, 1942, F2082-1-1-25, Ontario Archives.
50. Ibid.
51. “Plant Design,” History of Scarboro, Canada: 1941–1945, 1.
52. Ibid.
53. “A Short History of National Filling Factory, No. 7, Hayes, Middlesex,” The General Engineering Company (Canada) Limited — British Counterpart to Sc/S (circa 1919), F2082-1-1-2, Archives of Ontario, 1.
54. “Plant Design,” History of Scarboro, Canada: 1941–1945, 1.
55. Ibid.
56. Ibid.
57. Ibid.
58. Ibid.; “Description of Plant,” History of Scarboro, Canada: 1941–1945; Ernie Pickles, personal interview with author, 2013.
59. Ernie Pickles, written correspondence, August 2014.
60. Ibid.
61. “Description of Plant,” History of Scarboro, Canada: 1941–1945.
62. “Safety,” History of Scarboro, Canada: 1941–1945.
63. Ibid.
64. “Plant Capacity,” History of Scarboro, Canada: 1941–1945.
65. “Construction Detail,” History of Scarboro, Canada: 1941–1945.
66. Ibid.; Pitcher, “… and Pass the Ammunition — Review of Fuse-Filling Operations at General Engineering Co. (Canada) Ltd., Scarboro,” 6.
67. “Plant Design,” History of Scarboro, Canada: 1941–1945.
68. “From Farm to Munition Plant,” GECO Fusilier, July 31, 1945, 2.
69. Ibid.
70. “Construction Detail,” History of Scarboro, Canada: 1941–1945.
71. “Plant Design,” History of Scarboro, Canada: 1941–1945; “Description of Plant,” History of Scarboro, Canada: 1941–1945.
72. Regulations of the Scarboro Plant: Clean Workers, 8; “Description of Plant,” History of Scarboro, Canada: 1941–1945.
73. “Construction Detail,” History of Scarboro, Canada: 1941–1945.
74. Ibid.
75. “Engineer’s Sketch,” General Engineering Co. (Canada) Ltd. Scarboro Campus, 1942, F2082-1-1-25, Ontario Archives; Image No. AO1580, F2082-1-2-6, Archives of Ontario; Image No. AO465, F2082-1-2-6, Archives of Ontario.
76. “The Start of Production,” History of Scarboro, Canada: 1941–1945.
77. “Typical Fuze Filling Operations at Scarboro: Fuze No. 251 — Shop No. 67,” Drawing No. 3814, History of Scarboro, Canada: 1941–1945.
78. Ibid.
79. “Cleaning,” History of Scarboro, Canada: 1941–1945.
80. “Safety,” History of Scarboro, Canada: 1941–1945.
81. Ibid.
82. Peter Cranston, written correspondence, 2013.
83. “Plant Design,” History of Scarboro, Canada: 1941–1945.
84. Ibid.
85. “Plant Design” and “Electrical,” History of Scarboro, Canada: 1941–1945.
86. “Plant Design,” History of Scarboro, Canada: 1941–1945.
87. Ibid.
88. “Electrical,” History of Scarboro, Canada: 1941–1945.
89. “Plant Design,” History of Scarboro, Canada: 1941–1945.
90. “Safety,” History of Scarboro, Canada: 1941–1945.
91. Ibid.
92. “Plant Design,” History of Scarboro, Canada: 1941–1945.
93. Ibid.
94. Ibid.
95. “From Farm to Munition Plant,” GECO Fusilier, July 31, 1945, 2. Note number absent from text.
96. “Construction Detail,” History of Scarboro, Canada: 1941–1945. Note number absent from text.
97. “GECO Spotless Heaven, Women Like Job There,” Toronto Daily Star, June 30, 1944, Front Page.
98. “Air Conditioning,” Review of Industrial Relations, Article 26 (July 1943): 48.
99. Pitcher, “… and Pass the Ammunition — Review of Fuse-Filling Operations at General Engineering Co. (Canada) Ltd., Scarboro.”
100. “Jack be Nimble,” GECO Fusilier, April 16, 1945, 8.
101. “Jack be Nimble,” GECO Fusilier, July 18, 1942, 8.
102. “Plant Design” and “Construction Totals,” History of Scarboro, Canada: 1941–1945.
103. “A Short History of National Filling Factory, No. 7, Hayes, Middlesex,” The General Engineering Company (Canada) Limited — British Counterpart to Sc/S (circa 1919), F2082-1-1-2, Archives of Ontario, 2.
104. “Plant Design,” History of Scarboro, Canada: 1941–1945.
105. “Specific Features in Design, Engineering and Construction,” History of Scarboro, Canada: 1941–1945, 4.
106. “Plant Flow” and “Description of Plant,” History of Scarboro, Canada: 1941–1945.
107. “Athlone Says Workers Score Greatest Victory,” Globe and Mail, March 25, 1944, 10.
108. “A Farm — A Construction Job — A War Plant — And 236 Days,” GECO Fusilier, April 11, 1942, 3.
109. “Plant Design” and “Description of Plant,” History of Scarboro, Canada: 1941–1945.
110. Ibid.; Ibid.
111. Hartley French, personal interview with author, July 2009.
112. “Plant Design” and “Construction Detail,” History of Scarboro, Canada: 1941–1945.
113. Ibid.; Ibid.
114. “Construction Detail,” History of Scarboro, Canada: 1941–1945.
115. Sidney Ledson, personal interview with author, Scarborough, ON, January 2012; Philip H.B. Hamilton, personal interview with author, Montreal, July 2012.
116. “Engineering and Construction,” History of Scarboro, Canada: 1941–1945.
117. Insurance Plan of the City of Toronto (Underwriters’ Survey Bureau Limited, January 1956), Volume 9, Sheets 948-1 to 978.
118. “Plant Design” and “Water Supply and Fire Protection,” History of Scarboro, Canada: 1941–1945.
119. “Air Raid Precautions,” History of Scarboro, Canada: 1941–1945.
120. “Article 12, Safety Regulations,” Employee’s Guidebook (Toronto: General Engineering Company (Canada) Limited, 1943): 10, F2802-1-1-32, Archives of Ontario.
121. Regulations of the Scarboro Plant: Clean Workers, 9, 10.
122. Dorothy McRae, personal interview with author, 2009.
123. Molly Danniels, personal interview with author, 2009.
124. “Production — Initial Period” and “G.E.C.O.’s Scarboro War Score,” History of Scarboro, Canada: 1941–1945.
125. R.M.P. Hamilton and Hartley McVicar, “Let’s Visit,” audio interview, RG 17-3-0-56, F2082-1-3, Archives of Ontario.
126. Ibid.
127. Molly Danniels, personal interview with author, 2009.
128. “Proof Yard and Destroying Ground,” History of Scarboro, Canada: 1941–1945.
129. Ibid.
130. R.M.P. Hamilton and Hartley McVicar, “Let’s Visit,” audio interview.
131. Ibid.
132. Uncaptioned cartoon, GECO Fusilier, April 30, 1945, 8.
133. Ibid.
134. “Safety and Accident Prevention,” Review of Industrial Relations, Article 14 (July 1943): 24.
135. “Safety,” History of Scarboro, Canada: 1941–1945.
136. “Development of Stemming,” History of Scarboro, Canada: 1941–1945.
137. Ibid.
138. “Tetryl — Frequently Asked Questions: Delaware Health and Social Sciences,” http://dhss.delaware.gov/dph/files/tetrylfaq.pdf.
139. Molly Danniels, personal interview with author, 2009.
140. “A Short History of National Filling Factory, No. 7, Hayes, Middlesex,” The General Engineering Company (Canada) Limited — British Counterpart to Sc/S (circa 1919), 1, 2.
141. “Medical Department,” History of Scarboro, Canada: 1941–1945.
142. Ibid.
143. Ibid.
144. Sue Szydlik, written correspondence, 2013.
145. “Letters from Sylvia Nordstrand about Geco,” City of Toronto Archives, Fonds 594142-9, Series 89, File 87, 1988–1989.
146. “Medical Department,” History of Scarboro, Canada: 1941–1945.
147. Ibid. Note number absent from text.
148. Ibid.Note number absent from text.
149. “Development of Stemming,” History of Scarboro, Canada: 1941–1945.
150. Ibid.
151. Ibid.
152. Ibid.
153. Ibid.
154. Ibid.
155. Ibid.
156. “Causes of Absenteeism,” Plant Review Appendices, 1945, F2082-1-1-25, Archives of Ontario.
157. “Development of Stemming” and “Medical Department,” History of Scarboro, Canada: 1941–1945.
158. Official Bulletin of Toronto East Medical Association, (February 1944): 1, F2082-1-1-25, Archives of Ontario.
159. E. Flexman, “Magnificent Contribution to War Effort Made by Scarboro People,” GECO Fusilier, July 31, 1945, 4.
160. “Medical Department,” 1945 Final Summary, History of Scarboro, Canada: 1941–1945.Note number absent from text.
161. Gilbert Stone, ed., Women Workers of World War I (Glasgow: Mansion Field, Zeticula, 2007), 45.
162. “Watchfulness the Price of Safety,” GECO Fusilier, July 4, 1942, 2.
163. E. Flexman, “Magnificent Contribution to War Effort Made by Scarboro People,” GECO Fusilier, July 31, 1945, 5.
164. “Production — Initial Period,” 1945 Final Summary, History of Scarboro, Canada: 1941–1945.
165. E. Flexman, “Magnificent Contribution to War Effort Made by Scarboro People,” GECO Fusilier, July 31, 1945, 5.
166. “Plant Design” and “Safety,” 1945 Final Summary, History of Scarboro, Canada: 1941–1945; Pitcher, “… and Pass the Ammunition — Review of Fuse-Filling Operations at General Engineering Co. (Canada) Ltd., Scarboro,” 6; “Article 1, Introduction” and “Article 11, Change House Regulations,” Employee’s Guidebook, 2, 9.

Chapter 9
1. “Article 13, Industrial Relations,” Employee’s Guidebook (Toronto: General Engineering Company (Canada) Limited, 1943): 10, F2802-1-1-32, Archives of Ontario.
2. Ibid.
3. Ibid.
4. L.C. Morrow, “Industrial Relations: Key to Canadian Plant Success,” Factory Management and Maintenance, Vol. 103 (February 1945): 105; “Employment,” 1945 Final Summary, History of Scarboro, Canada: 1941–1945, 1945, F2082-1-1-18, Archives of Ontario.
5. “Article 13, Personnel, Services,” Employee’s Guidebook, 13; “The General Engineering Co. (Canada) Ltd., SCARBORO, Ont. — List of Buildings,” October 1, 1943 revision, Plant Review Appendices, 1945, F2082-1-1-25, Archives of Ontario.
6. “Article 20, Leaving Requirements,” Employee’s Guidebook, 17.
7. Ibid.
8. “Employment,” 1945 Final Summary, History of Scarboro, Canada: 1941–1945.
9. Ibid.
10. “Monthly Record of Employment 1941–1945,” Plant Review Appendices, 1945, F2082-1-1-25, Archives of Ontario.
11. “Labour and Industrial Relations,” 1945 Final Summary, History of Scarboro, Canada: 1941–1945.
12. Ibid.
13. “Suggestion Plan,” Review of Industrial Relations, Article 23 (July 1943): 45.
14. “Article 15, Suggestions and Awards,” Employee’s Guidebook, (1943): 14, F2802-1-1-32, Archives of Ontario.
15. Gilbert Stone, ed., Women Workers of World War I (Glasgow: Mansion Field, Zeticula, 2007), 35.
16. Ibid., 35, 36.
17. “Article 15, Suggestions and Awards,” Employee’s Guidebook, 14; “Suggestion Plan,” Review of Industrial Relations, Article 23 (July 1943): 45.
18. GECO Fusilier, April 24, 1944.
19. “Awards Given for Good Suggestions,” GECO Fusilier,December 12, 1942, 6.
20. “Article 1, Introduction,” Employee’s Guidebook: 2.
21. Ibid.
22. Employment Booklet for Prospective Employees (Toronto: General Engineering Company (Canada) Limited, February 15, 1943 edition), Miscellaneous, F2802-1-1-32, Archives of Ontario.
23. Ibid.
24. Ibid.
25. L.C. Morrow, “Industrial Relations: Key to Canadian Plant Success,” Factory Management and Maintenance, Vol. 103 (February 1945): 107.
26. La Verne Bradley, “Women at Work,” National Geographic, 1944, 199.
27. Dorothy McRae, personal interview with author, 2009.
28. Laurel Sefton MacDowell and Ian Radforth, eds., Canadian Working-Class History: Selected Readings, Third Edition (Toronto: Canadian Scholars’ Press, 2006), 278.
29. “Wage and Salary Rates — 1942, 1943, 1944,” F2082-1-1-30, Archives of Ontario.
30. Employment Booklet for Prospective Employees (Toronto: General Engineering Company (Canada) Limited, February 15, 1943 edition), Miscellaneous, F2802-1-1-32, Archives of Ontario; “Vacation with Pay,” Review of Industrial Relations, Article 18 (July 1943): 34; “Article 8, Vacation Plan,” Employee’s Guidebook: 7.
31. “Article 8, Vacation Plan,” Employee’s Guidebook: 7.
32. “Articles 2, 4, 11, 6, 7, 8, 10, Secrecy, Passes, Change House Regulations, Attendance and Time Clock Routine, Pay Policy and Pay Regulations, Vacation Plan, Introductory and Special Training,” Employee’s Guidebook: 7.
33. “Articles 12, 13, 15, 16, 19, Safety Regulations, Services, Suggestions and Awards, Service Badges, GECO Recreation Club,” Employee’s Guidebook: 7.
34. “Article 1, Introduction,” Employee’s Guidebook: 7.
35. Ibid.
36. “Absenteeism,” Review of Industrial Relations, Article 29 (July 1943): 61.
37. “Absentee Report, April, 1942–June, 1945,” Plant Review Appendices, 1945, F2082-1-1-25, Archives of Ontario.
38. Ibid.
39. Ibid.
40. Ibid.
41. Poster on wall, The General Engineering Company Canada Ltd. Scarboro Munitions Plan A.W.S.C. Project 24, 1941–1945 (Ontario: Arrow Films, 1945).
42. “Scarboro’s Most Exclusive Club…” GECO Fusilier, March 19, 1945, 2; Morrow, “Industrial Relations: Key to Canadian Plant Success”: 107.
43. Ibid.
44. Ibid.
45. Ibid.
46. Ibid.
47. “Scarboro’s Most Exclusive Club…” GECO Fusilier, March 19, 1945, 2.
48. “Employment,” History of Scarboro, Canada: 1941-1945; “Hold the Shell Line, Save Canadian Lives,” Toronto Daily Star, June 28, 1944, Front Page.
49. Ibid.
50. Ibid.
51. “Labour and Industrial Relations,” History of Scarboro, Canada: 1941–1945; “Hold the Shell Line, Save Canadian Lives,” Toronto Daily Star, June 28, 1944, Front Page.
52. “Typical Fuze Filling Operations at Scarboro: Fuze No. 251 — Shop No. 67,” Drawing No. 3814, History of Scarboro, Canada: 1941–1945.
53. “Labour and Industrial Relations,” History of Scarboro, Canada: 1941–1945; J. de N. Kennedy, History of the Department of Munitions and Supply: Canada in the Second World War (Ottawa: King’s Printer, 1950), II: 359.
54. Ibid.
55. Ibid.
56. “GECO Car Stickers,” GECO Fusilier, August 1, 1942, Front Page.
57. “Labour and Industrial Relations,” History of Scarboro, Canada: 1941–1945.
58. “Geco Needs 3,400 Women To Feed Monty’s Barrage,” Toronto Daily Star, June 28, 1944, Front Page.
59. Bob Hamilton, quoted in “Geco Needs 3,400 Women to Feed Monty’s Barrage, Toronto Daily Star, June 28, 1944, Front Page.

Chapter 10
1. “Medical Department,” History of Scarboro, Canada: 1941–1945, 1945, F2082-1-1-18, Archives of Ontario.
2. Ibid.; “Employment,” History of Scarboro, Canada: 1941–1945.
3. “Facts and Figures,” GECO Fusilier, July 31, 1945, 7.
4. “Employment,” History of Scarboro, Canada: 1941–1945.
5. “Medical Department,” History of Scarboro, Canada: 1941–1945.
6. Ibid.
7. Ibid.
8. Ibid.
9. Ibid.
10. Ibid.
11. Ibid.
12. Ibid.
13. Ibid.
14. “Medical Department,” History of Scarboro, Canada: 1941–1945; Employment Booklet for Prospective Employees (Toronto: General Engineering Company (Canada) Limited, February 15, 1943 edition), Miscellaneous, F2802-1-1-32, Archives of Ontario.
15. “Article 13, Medical, Services,” Employee’s Guidebook (Toronto: General Engineering (Canada) Limited, 1943): 14, F2802-1-1-32, Archives of Ontario.
16. “Medical,” Review of Industrial Relations, Article 17 (July 1943): 32.
17. “Article 13, Medical, Services,” Employee’s Guidebook: 14.
18. Dorothy McRae, personal interview with author, 2009.
19. “Medical Department,” History of Scarboro, Canada: 1941–1945; “Medical,” Review of Industrial Relations, Article 17 (July 1943): 32.
20. “Medical Department,” History of Scarboro, Canada: 1941–1945.
21. Ibid.
22. Ibid.; “Medical,” Review of Industrial Relations, Article 17 (July 1943): 32.
23. “Chronology of Scarboro/Canada,” History of Scarboro, Canada: 1941–1945; “Medical Department,” History of Scarboro, Canada: 1941–1945.
24. “Medical Department,” History of Scarboro, Canada: 1941–1945.
25. “Medical,” Review of Industrial Relations, Article 17 (July 1943): 33.
26. Ibid.; “Medical Department,” History of Scarboro, Canada: 1941–1945.
27. “Medical Department,” History of Scarboro, Canada: 1941–1945.
28. Ibid.
29. Ibid.
30. “Scarboro Defies Storm King…,” GECO Fusilier, December 18, 1944, 7.
31. “Medical Department,” History of Scarboro, Canada: 1941–1945.
32. Ibid.
33. Ibid.
34. E. Flexman, “Magnificent Contribution to War Effort Made by Scarboro People,” GECO Fusilier, July 31, 1945, 5.
35. “Medical Department,” History of Scarboro, Canada: 1941–1945.
36. Ibid.
37. Ibid.
38. Ibid.; “Chronology of Scarboro/Canada,” History of Scarboro, Canada: 1941–1945.
39. Ibid.
40. Ibid.
41. Ibid.
42. Ibid.
43. Ibid.
44. Ibid.
45. Ibid.
46. Ibid.
47. “Air Conditioning,” History of Scarboro, Canada: 1941–1945; “Medical,” Review of Industrial Relations, Article 17 (July 1943): 33.
48. “Article 14, Sick Benefit Plan,” Employee’s Guidebook: 14.
49. Ibid.; “Sick Benefit Plan,” Review of Industrial Relations, Article 20 (July 1943): 41.
50. “Article 14, Sick Benefit Plan,” Employee’s Guidebook: 14.
51. Ibid.; “Sick Benefit Plan,” Review of Industrial Relations, Article 20 (July 1943): 41.
52. Ibid.
53. “Article 14, Sick Benefit Plan,” Employee’s Guidebook: 14; Note: Children included “war guests” under the age of sixteen.
54. “Article 13, Cafeteria, Services,” Employee’s Guidebook: 14; “Cafeteria and Canteen Services,” History of Scarboro, Canada: 1941–1945; “GECO Canteen one the Finest … Operates on Non-Profit Basis,” GECO Fusilier, May 9, 1942, 2.
55. “GECO Canteen one the Finest … Operates on Non-Profit Basis,” GECO Fusilier, May 9, 1942, 2.
56. Ibid.; “Cafeteria Organization Chart, Cafeteria,” History of Scarboro, Canada: 1941–1945.
57. “GECO Canteen one the Finest … Operates on Non-Profit Basis,” GECO Fusilier, May 9, 1942, 2.
58. Ibid.; “Cafeteria and Canteen Services,” History of Scarboro, Canada: 1941–1945; “Cafeteria and Canteen Services,” Review of Industrial Relations, Article 16 (July 1943): 28; Note: In GECO Fusilier’s article, cafeteria staff served thirty customers every sixty seconds. In Review of Industrial Relations account, one thousand meals were served every thirty minutes, or about thirty-three meals per minute.
59. R.M.P. Hamilton, “A Short History of the General Engineering Company Inc.,” June 1976, 3.
60. Photo Caption: “Every day somewhere in the neighbourhood of eighteen thousand dishes go through the process…,” GECO Fusilier, April 24, 1943, 4.
61. “Cafeteria and Canteen Services,” Review of Industrial Relations, Article 16 (July 1943): 29.
62. “Meat Shortage Felt by Canteen Meatless Days Looming Ahead,” GECO Fusilier, September 26, 1942, Front Page.
63. Andrew Ignatieff, personal interview with author, 2012; “Cafeteria and Canteen Services,” History of Scarboro, Canada: 1941–1945.
64. “Chronology of Scarboro/Canada,” History of Scarboro, Canada: 1941–1945.
65. Philip H.B. Hamilton, personal interview with author, Montreal, July 2012.
66. “Meat Shortage Felt by Canteen Meatless Days Looming Ahead,” GECO Fusilier, September 26, 1942.
67. “GECO Canteen one the Finest … Operates on Non-Profit Basis,” GECO Fusilier, May 9, 1942, 2.
68. “Meat Shortage Felt by Canteen Meatless Days Looming Ahead,” GECO Fusilier, September 26, 1942, Front Page.
69. “Find Meals Better Here in Industrial Cafeterias,” Toronto Daily Star, April 26, 1944, 21.
70. Ibid.
71. Ibid.
72. Ibid.
73. “Cafeteria and Canteen Services,” History of Scarboro, Canada: 1941–1945.
74. J. de N. Kennedy, History of the Department of Munitions and Supply: Canada in the Second World War (Ottawa: King’s Printer, 1950), I: 308.
75. “Scarboro Building Number Nine Sends ‘Em Back White and Fine,” GECO Fusilier, No. 13, September 12, 1942, 3.
76. J. de N. Kennedy, History of the Department of Munitions and Supply: Canada in the Second World War, I: 308.
77. “Scarboro Building Number Nine Sends ‘Em Back White and Fine,” GECO Fusilier, September 12, 1942, 3.
78. Ibid.
79. “Engineer’s Sketch,” General Engineering Co. (Canada) Ltd. Scarboro Campus, 1942, F2082-1-1-25, Ontario Archives; “The General Engineering Co. (Canada) Ltd., SCARBORO, Ont. — List of Buildings,” October 1, 1943 revision, Plant Review Appendices.
80. “Scarboro Building Number Nine Sends ‘Em Back White and Fine,” GECO Fusilier, September 12, 1942, 3.
81. Ibid.
82. “GECO Spotless Heaven, Women Like Job There,” Toronto Daily Star, June 30, 1944, Front Page.
83. “Scarboro Building Number Nine Sends ‘Em Back White and Fine,” GECO Fusilier, September 12, 1942, 3.
84. Ibid.
85. Ibid.
86. Ibid.
87. Ibid.
88. Ibid.
89. Ibid.
90. “Laundry, Organization and Administration,” History of Scarboro, Canada: 1941–1945.
91. “Transportation,” Review of Industrial Relations, Article 28 (July 1943): 50.
92. “Chronology of Scarboro/Canada,” History of Scarboro, Canada: 1941–1945; “A Praiseworthy Safety Record…,” GECO Fusilier, June 5, 1944, 2.
93. “Chronology of Scarboro/Canada,” History of Scarboro, Canada: 1941–1945.
94. Ammunition Saves Lives (Toronto: Employment and Selective Service, April 1, 1944 edition), 3; “Geco Transport Big Business…,” GECO Fusilier, October 23, 1944, 4; “Article 3, Transportation,” Employee’s Guidebook: 14.
95. “‘Scarboro’ Bus Transportation Establishes Enviable Record,” GECO Fusilier, August 29, 1944, Front Page; “Transportation,” Review of Industrial Relations, Article 28 (July 1943): 50.
96. “Transportation,” Review of Industrial Relations, Article 28 (July 1943): 50.
97. Ibid.
98. Ibid.
99. “’Scarboro’ Bus Transportation Establishes Enviable Record,” GECO Fusilier, August 29, 1944, Front Page.
100. “Geco Transport Big Business…,” GECO Fusilier, October 23, 1944, 4.
101. Ibid.
102. Ibid.
103. Ibid.; Photo Caption: “From the outside looking in — any day of the working week around 5.30 p.m.,” GECO Fusilier, April 10, 1943, 6.
104. “GECO Organizational Chart,” Plant Review Appendices.
105. “Pape Avenue Buses,” Letter to the Editor, Toronto Daily Star, February 14, 1942.
106. “Bus Transportation Establishes Record,” GECO Fusilier, August 29, 1944, 4.
107. “Geco Transport Big Business…,” GECO Fusilier, October 23, 1944, 4.
108. “Transportation Expense, Transportation,” Plant Review Appendices.
109. Ibid.
110. Ibid.

Chapter 11
1. “Progress in Initial Period” and “Introduction of Improvements,” History of Scarboro, Canada: 1941–1945, 1945, F2082-1-1-18, Archives of Ontario.
2. L.C. Morrow, “Industrial Relations: Key to Canadian Plant Success,” Factory Management and Maintenance, Vol. 103 (February 1945): 106.
3. “Progress in Initial Period” and “Introduction of Improvements,” History of Scarboro, Canada: 1941–1945.
4. Ibid.
5. Ibid.
6. Ibid.
7. “Planning and Records,” History of Scarboro, Canada: 1941–1945.
8. Ibid.
9. Ibid.
10. Ibid.
11. J. de N. Kennedy, History of the Department of Munitions and Supply: Canada in the Second World War (Ottawa: King’s Printer, 1950), I: 303.
12. Ibid., 301.
13. Ibid.
14. Ibid., 302.
15. “Col. Clapham Concludes Big Job…,” GECO Fusilier, August 14, 1943, 3.
16. “Production,” History of Scarboro, Canada: 1941–1945.
17. “Proof Yard and Destroying Ground,” History of Scarboro, Canada: 1941–1945.
18. “Factory Inspection — Proof Taking,” History of Scarboro, Canada: 1941–1945.
19. “Proof Yard and Destroying Ground,” History of Scarboro, Canada: 1941–1945; J. de N. Kennedy, History of the Department of Munitions and Supply: Canada in the Second World War, I: 303.
20. “Proof Yard and Destroying Ground,” History of Scarboro, Canada: 1941–1945.
21. Ibid.
22. Ibid.
23. Ibid.
24. Ibid.
25. “Government and Factory Inspection,” History of Scarboro, Canada: 1941–1945.
26. Ibid.; “Factory Inspection — Proof Taking,” History of Scarboro, Canada: 1941–1945.
27. “Factory Inspection — Proof Taking,” History of Scarboro, Canada: 1941–1945.
28. J. de N. Kennedy, History of the Department of Munitions and Supply: Canada in the Second World War, I: 303.
29. “Government and Factory Inspection,” History of Scarboro, Canada: 1941–1945.
30. “Factory Inspection — Proof Taking,” History of Scarboro, Canada: 1941–1945.
31. Ibid.
32. “Government and Factory Inspection,” History of Scarboro, Canada: 1941–1945.
33. Ibid.
34. “Factory Inspection – Proof Taking,” History of Scarboro, Canada: 1941–1945.
35. Ibid.
36. “Government and Factory Inspection,” History of Scarboro, Canada: 1941–1945.
37. Ibid.
38. Ibid.
39. Ibid.
40. Ibid.
41. Ibid.
42. “Proof Yard and Destroying Ground,” History of Scarboro, Canada: 1941–1945.
43. Ibid.
44. Ibid.
45. “Factory Inspection — Proof Taking,” History of Scarboro, Canada: 1941–1945.
46. Ibid.
47. Ibid.
48. Ibid.
49. “Quality Control,” History of Scarboro, Canada: 1941–1945.
50. Ibid.
51. “Introduction,” History of Scarboro, Canada: 1941–1945.
52. Philip Hamilton, personal interview with author, Montreal, July 2012; R.M.P. Hamilton and P.D.P. Hamilton, “To All Geco Scarboro Employees,” GECO Fusilier, July 31, 1945, 2; “Introduction,” History of Scarboro, Canada: 1941–1945, 2.
53. Philip Hamilton, personal interview with author, Montreal, July 2012; R.M.P. Hamilton and P.D.P. Hamilton, “To All Geco Scarboro Employees,” GECO Fusilier, July 31, 1945, 2.
54. “Production — Initial Period” and “Introduction,” History of Scarboro, Canada: 1941–1945.
55. “Development of Stemming,” History of Scarboro, Canada: 1941–1945; E. Flexman, “Magnificent Contribution to War Effort Made by Scarboro People,” GECO Fusilier, Vol. 4 No. 6, July 31, 1945, F2082-1-1-11, Archives of Ontario, 5.
56. “Shipping,” History of Scarboro, Canada: 1941–1945.
57. J. de N. Kennedy, History of the Department of Munitions and Supply: Canada in the Second World War, I: 304; Philip Hamilton, personal interview with author, Montreal, July 2012; The General Engineering Company Canada Ltd. Scarboro Munitions Plan A.W.S.C. Project 24, 1941–1945 (Ontario: Arrow Films, 1945).
58. “Sub-Committees,” History of Scarboro, Canada: 1941–1945.
59. “Tooling Problems, Tools,” History of Scarboro, Canada: 1941–1945.
60. “Research and Development,” History of Scarboro, Canada: 1941–1945.
61. Ibid.
62. “Development of Stemming,” History of Scarboro, Canada: 1941–1945.
63. Ibid.
64. Ibid.
65. Ibid.
66. Ibid.
67. Ibid.
68. “Research and Development,” History of Scarboro, Canada: 1941–1945.
69. Ibid.
70. Ibid.
71. “Purchasing,” History of Scarboro, Canada: 1941–1945.
72. Ibid.; “Chronology of Scarboro/Canada,” History of Scarboro, Canada: 1941–1945.
73. “Purchasing,” History of Scarboro, Canada: 1941–1945.
74. Ibid.
75. Ibid.
76. Ibid.
77. “Production — Initial Period,” History of Scarboro, Canada: 1941–1945.
78. “Purchasing,” History of Scarboro, Canada: 1941–1945.
79. Ibid.
80. “Engineering — General Office,” History of Scarboro, Canada: 1941–1945.
81. “Scarboro’s Tool Hospital Plays Important Part in Production,” GECO Fusilier, Vol. 1 No. 11, August 15, 1942, F2082-1-1-11, Archives of Ontario, 2.
82. Ibid.
83. Ibid.
84. Ibid.
85. Ibid.
86. Ibid.
87. Ibid.
88. “Engineering — General Office,” History of Scarboro, Canada: 1941–1945.
89. Ibid.
90. Ibid.
91. “The General Engineering Co. (Canada) Ltd., SCARBORO, Ont. — List of Buildings,” October 1, 1943 revision, Plant Review Appendices, 1945, F2082-1-1-25, Archives of Ontario.
92. “Sawdust Brigade Play Part in Passing the Ammunition,” GECO Fusilier, February 27, 1943, F2082-1-1-11, Archives of Ontario, 2.
93. Ibid.
94. Ibid.
95. Ibid.
96. “Transportation Fleet List,” Construction and Maintenance Costs, F2082-1-1-6, Ontario Archives.
97. Ibid.
98. “Sawdust Brigade Play Part in Passing the Ammunition,” GECO Fusilier, February 27, 1943, F2082-1-1-11, Archives of Ontario, 2.
99. Ibid.
100. Ibid.
101. “Chemical Investigations,” History of Scarboro, Canada: 1941–1945.
102. “Operations Study,” History of Scarboro, Canada: 1941–1945.
103. Ibid.
104. “Textiles,” History of Scarboro, Canada: 1941–1945.
105. “Pellet and Magazine Group, Production” History of Scarboro, Canada: 1941–1945.
106. Ibid.
107. Ibid.

Chapter 12
1. “Nothing Else Will Do,” GECO Fusilier, July 4, 1942, F2082-1-1-11, Archives of Ontario, 2
2. L.C. Morrow, “Industrial Relations: Key to Canadian Plant Success,” Factory Management and Maintenance, Vol. 103 (February 1945): 106.
3. Ibid.; “Article 16, Service Badges,” Employee’s Guidebook (Toronto: General Engineering (Canada) Limited, 1943): 14, F2802-1-1-32, Archives of Ontario.
4. “Service Recognition,” Review of Industrial Relations, Article 24 (July 1943): 46, F2082-1-1-21, Archives of Ontario.
5. “Article 16, Service Badges,” Employee’s Guidebook: 14; “Employment,” History of Scarboro, Canada: 1941–1945, 1945, F2082-1-1-18, Archives of Ontario; Morrow, “Industrial Relations: Key to Canadian Plant Success”: 106.
6. Carol LeCappelain, personal interview with author, Scarborough, ON, 2009.
7. Morrow, “Industrial Relations: Key to Canadian Plant Success”: 106.
8. Ibid.
9. “Service Recognition,” Review of Industrial Relations, Article 24 (July 1943): 46.
10. Ibid.
11. Ibid.
12. Ibid.
13. “GECO Fusilier — A Powder Magazine,” GECO Fusilier, March 28, 1942, Front Page.
14. GECO issued twenty-six editions of “GECO Fusilier” each year. The publication completed three full years of production plus six additional editions in 1945, with its inaugural issued published March 28, 1942 and its final copy issued July 31, 1945.
15. “The Fourth Arm of the Service,” GECO Fusilier, March 28, 1942.
16. Ross Davis, “Editor’s Column,” GECO Fusilier, April 11, 1942, 3.
17. “Hitler’s Helpers?” GECO Fusilier, April 11, 1942, Front Page.
18. Ibid.
19. “List of ‘Shortages’ Daily Grows Lengthier,” GECO Fusilier, March 28, 1942, 4.
20. “Ammunition,” GECO Fusilier, June 5, 1944, 2.
21. Cartoon with caption, “The Fourth Arm of the Service,” GECO Fusilier, March 28, 1942, Front Page.
22. Conan Tobias, “The Art of Sport,” Taddle Creek, Christmas 2006, www.taddlecreekmag.com/the-art-of-sport.
23. “Article 19, GECO Recreation Club,” Employee’s Guidebook: 16.
24. Ibid.
25. “PUTT — PUTT” GECO Fusilier, July 31, 1943, 6.
26. “Intriguing Expansion Underway in Recreation Club’s Program,” GECO Fusilier, January 16, 1943, 3.
27. Ibid.
28. “Skating and Sleighing Parties,” GECO Fusilier, January 10, 1944, 6.
29. “Bingo Encore,” GECO Fusilier, April 25, 1942, 4.
30. “Carols for Christmas and New Year — The Scarboro Plant Glee Club,” Plant Review Appendices, 1945, F2082-1-1-25, Archives of Ontario.
31. “Article 19, GECO Recreation Club,” Employee’s Guidebook: 17.
32. “Baseball Teams — Sing a Song of Softball,” GECO Fusilier, July 4, 1942, 3; “A ‘Break’ For GECO Softball Players,” GECO Fusilier, May 9, 1942, 2.
33. “Cascade of Runs Features Softball,” GECO Fusilier, July 18, 1942, 3.
34. “Battle of the Century,” GECO Fusilier, July 18, 1942, 3.
35. “Attention All Ye Maidens Fair Fame and Fortune Ye May Share,” GECO Fusilier, June 20, 1942, 3.
36. “Today’s the Day for Scarboro Beauties — Honour, Reward Await ‘Miss War Worker’,” GECO Fusilier, July 18, 1942, 2; “Scarboro Beauties Selected…,” GECO Fusilier, July 3, 1943, 3; “Geco Glamor Girls on Parade…,” GECO Fusilier, June 19, 1944, 3.
37. Ibid.
38. “K. Russell Finalist in Beauty Contest,” GECO Fusilier, August 1, 1942, Front Page; Ruth Robbins, “Scarboro Girls Prize-Winners…,” GECO Fusilier, July 31, 1943, 3; Photo Caption: “Views from the ‘Miss War Worker’ contest at Exhibition Park…”, GECO Fusilier, July 31, 1944, 5.
39. “K. Russell Finalist in Beauty Contest,” GECO Fusilier, August 1, 1942, Front Page; Ruth Robbins, “Scarboro Girls Prize-Winners…,” GECO Fusilier, July 31, 1943, 3.
40. Photo Caption: “Views from the ‘Miss War Worker’ contest at Exhibition Park…” GECO Fusilier, July 31, 1944, 5.
41. “Geco Contestants Selected…,” GECO Fusilier, July 3, 1944, 3.
42. “Geco Glamor Girls on Parade…,” GECO Fusilier, June 19, 1944, 3.
43. Ibid.
44. “Pin-up Girl Idea Popular,” GECO Fusilier, March 13, 1944, 2.
45. Ibid.
46. Ibid.
47. “For Health and Beauty’s Sake…,” GECO Fusilier, November 20, 1943, 5.
48. “Beware Ye Men of GECO and Restrain Thy Mirth,” GECO Fusilier, November 6, 1943, 3.
49. Ibid.
50. Ibid.
51. “Victory Gardens, Employee Activities,” History of Scarboro, Canada: 1941–1945; “Victory Gardeners Eager to Commence,” GECO Fusilier, May 22, 1943, 3.
52. “Victory Gardens, Employee Activities,” History of Scarboro, Canada: 1941–1945; Note: In “Victory Gardens,” 642 victory gardens were offered, with 420 plots planted over 26 acres. This differs from the GECO Fusilier article that stated that 300 plots were ploughed over 30 acres.
53. Ibid.
54. Ibid.
55. “Rustle of Spring,” GECO Fusilier, April 2, 1945, 5.
56. “Turkey ‘n Everything All for ‘Two Bits’,” GECO Fusilier, January 2, 1943, 4.
57. Ibid.
58. Ibid.; “Christmas Dinner Story…,” GECO Fusilier, January 10, 1944, 2; “Five Thousand at Xmas Dinner…,” GECO Fusilier, January 8, 1945, 3.
59. “Christmas Dinner Story…,” GECO Fusilier, January 10, 1944, 2.
60. Ibid.
61. “Five Thousand at Xmas Dinner…,” GECO Fusilier, January 8, 1945, 3.
62. Ibid.
63. Ibid.
64. “Volunteers and Parents Invade Canteen to See Santa Claus,” GECO Fusilier, January 2, 1943, 2.
65. “Over Two Thousand Youngsters Coming to GECO Christmas Party,” GECO Fusilier, December 12, 1942, 5.
66. “Santa Claus Revisits Scarboro,” GECO Fusilier, January 8, 1945, 4, 5.
67. “Chronology of Scarboro/Canada,” History of Scarboro, Canada: 1941–1945.
68. “Day Nursery Scheme Developing Expected to Solve Big Problem,” GECO Fusilier, August 15, 1942, Front Page; “East End Day Nursery at Dawes and Dentonia,” GECO Fusilier, February 27, 1943, Front Page.
69. “East End Day Nursery at Dawes and Dentonia,” GECO Fusilier, February 27, 1943, Front Page.
70. “Healthy, Happy, and Safe,” GECO Fusilier, July 31, 1943, 4.
71. Ibid.
72. Ibid.
73. Ibid.
74. “East End Day Nursery at Dawes and Dentonia,” GECO Fusilier, February 27, 1943, Front Page; “Healthy, Happy, and Safe,” GECO Fusilier, July 31, 1943, 4.
75. “Healthy, Happy, and Safe,” GECO Fusilier, July 31, 1943, 4.
76. “Introduction to Improvements,” History of Scarboro, Canada: 1941–1945.
77. Ibid.; L.C. Morrow, “Industrial Relations: Key to Canadian Plant Success,” Factory Management and Maintenance, Vol. 103 (February 1945): 106; “Article 7, Pay Policy and Pay Regulations,” Employee’s Guidebook, (1943): 2.
78. “Munition Workers Association, Employee Activities,” History of Scarboro, Canada: 1941–1945; “Weekly Meetings of Workers with Management Resultful,” GECO Fusilier, May 23, 1942, 3; “Employees Associations (‘Munition Workers Association’),” Review of Industrial Relations, Article 21 (July 1943): 43.
79. “Munition Workers Association, Employee Activities,” History of Scarboro, Canada: 1941–1945.
80. L.C. Morrow, “Industrial Relations: Key to Canadian Plant Success,” Factory Management and Maintenance, Vol. 103 (February 1945): 103.
81. “Munition Workers Association, Employee Activities,” History of Scarboro, Canada: 1941–1945.
82. J. de N. Kennedy, History of the Department of Munitions and Supply: Canada in the Second World War, I: 307.
83. Ibid.
84. “Munition Workers Association, Employee Activities,” History of Scarboro, Canada: 1941–1945.
85. What the M.W.A. Can Do (Scarboro: The Munition Workers’ Association, G.E.CO. Scarboro, c. 1941).
86. Ibid.
87. Ibid.
88. Ibid.
89. Ibid.
90. “Employees Associations (‘Munition Workers Association’),” Review of Industrial Relations, Article 21 (July 1943): 43.
91. Ibid.
92. Ibid.
93. “Munition Workers’ Association Nominations Getting Underway,” GECO Fusilier, January 16, 1943, Front Page.
94. “Lively Interest Aroused by MWA Rep. Nominations,” GECO Fusilier, January 30, 1943, 2.
95. “Munition Workers Association, Employee Activities,” History of Scarboro, Canada: 1941–1945.
96. Ibid.
97. Ibid.
98. Ibid.; “New Shift Schedule,” GECO Fusilier, October 31, 1942, 3.
99. “Letters from Sylvia Nordstrand about Geco.”
100. “Munition Workers Association, Employee Activities,” History of Scarboro, Canada: 1941–1945; “New Shift Schedule,” GECO Fusilier, October 31, 1942, 3.
101. Ibid.
102. What the M.W.A. Can Do.
103. “Scarboro Blood Donors Flock to Perform Patriotic Service,” GECO Fusilier, December 12, 1942, 2.
104. Ibid.
105. Ibid.
106. “Medical Department,” History of Scarboro, Canada: 1941–1945.
107. “Medical Department,” History of Scarboro, Canada: 1941–1945; “Facts and Figures,” GECO Fusilier, July 31, 1945, 7; “Gecoites Excel in Generosity,” GECO Fusilier, June 30, 1945, 3.
108. Regulation of the Scarboro Plant: In Case of Accident (Toronto: The General Engineering Company (Canada) Limited, 1941): 2, F2802-1-1-32, Archives of Ontario; What the M.W.A. Can Do.
109. “One Thousandth Blood Donation Reached by GECO Clinic,” GECO Fusilier, March 12, 1943, Front Page.
110. Ibid.
111. Minister of Finance, “Canada Must Borrow for Victory — A Statement,” letter to Canadians, undated, Alec Baldwin Collection, Toronto Reference Library.
112. “We Did It Once — We’ll Do It Again,” GECO Fusilier, October 10, 1942, 3.
113. “War Loan Committee,” GECO Fusilier, September 11, 1943, , 3.
114. “Chronology of Scarboro/Canada,” History of Scarboro, Canada: 1941–1945.
115. “GECO War Loan Campaign More than Doubles Quota,” GECO Fusilier, March 28, 1942, 3.
116. Ibid.
117. Ibid.
118. Ibid.
119. “Let’s Give It Everything We’ve Got,” GECO Fusilier, October 31, 1942, 3.
120. Ibid.
121. “Chronology of Scarboro/Canada,” History of Scarboro, Canada: 1941–1945.
122. “United for Victory,” GECO Fusilier, May 22, 1943, Front Page
123. F.G. Pope, “Well Done ‘Scarboro’!,” GECO Fusilier, May 22, 1943, 4.
124. Bill Taylor, “Lest We Forget,” GECO Fusilier, October 23, 1943, 5.
125. R.M.P. Hamilton, “Another Scarboro Victory,” GECO Fusilier, November 20, 1944, 2; “Victory Loan,” GECO Fusilier, November 6, 1944, 3.
126. “After V-Day Comes R-Day,” GECO Fusilier, April 16, 1945, Front Page.
127. “Loan Quota Reached First Day,” GECO Fusilier, April 30, 1945, 2.
128. “Eighth Victory Loan Goes Over…,” GECO Fusilier, May 14, 1945, 4.
129. “US Inflation Calculator,” www.usinflationcalculator.com/.
130. “Employees Thanked by S.A. Official,” GECO Fusilier, June 5, 1943, 3.
131. “Mobile Canteens Playing Big Part,” GECO Fusilier, April 10, 1943, 5.
132. “Mobile Canteen Officially Presented,” GECO Fusilier, June 5, 1943, 2.
133. “Mobile Canteens Playing Big Part,” GECO Fusilier, April 10, 1943, 5.
134. “History, The Salvation Army International,” www.salvationarmy.org/ihq/history.
135. Ibid.
136. “Introduction, Annual Review 2013–2014,” www.salvationarmy.ca/annualreview2013-2014/.
137. Photo Caption: “Since Mrs. Richards of Change House 17…,” GECO Fusilier, November 28, 1943, 2; “Impressive Total for B.W.V.F. Donations,” GECO Fusilier, November 20, 1943, 6; “Ten Thousand Dollars Collected for B.W.V.F.,” GECO Fusilier, April 2, 1945, 4.
138. Ibid.
139. Ibid.
140. “Gecoites Excel in Generosity,” GECO Fusilier, June 30, 1945, 3.
141. “Chronology of Scarboro/Canada,” History of Scarboro, Canada: 1941–1945; Photo Caption: “During its relatively brief span of life Scarboro has had many visitors…,” GECO Fusilier, July 31, 1945, 8.
142. “Visitors Remember Women of Scarboro,” GECO Fusilier, January 2, 1943, 3.
143. Ibid.
144. Ibid.
145. Photo of Mary Pickford, actress with GECO workers, circa June 1943, AO 648, F2082-1-2-10, Archives of Ontario.
146. Dorothy McRae, personal interview with author, 2009.
147. “Athlone Says Workers Score Greatest Victory,” Globe and Mail, March 25, 1944, 10.
148. “Letters from Sylvia Nordstrand about Geco.”
149. “Tribute,” GECO Fusilier, August 1, 1942, 5; L.H. Campbell, Jr. Major General, Chief of Ordnance, War Department, Office of the Chief of Ordnance, Washington, letter to R.M.P. Hamilton, General Engineering Co., (Canada) Ltd., May 5, 1943, Toronto Archives.
150. “More and More Ammunition is Needed to Save Lives,” GECO Fusilier, June 5, 1944, 8.
151. E. Flexman, “Magnificent Contribution to War Effort Made by Scarboro People,” GECO Fusilier, July 31, 1945, 5.
152. Carol Knight, personal interview with author, 2007.
153. Ibid.
154. H.M., “War very Real to Mrs. Peggy MacKay,” GECO Fusilier, March 27, 1943, Front page.
155. Ibid.
156. Molly Danniels, personal interview with author, Scarborough, ON, 2009.
157. Ibid.
158. Hartley French, personal interview with author, Don Mills, ON, 2009.
159. Ibid.
160. “A Tribute from a Son,” GECO Fusilier, January 16, 1943, 2.
161. “You are doing a grand job for us chaps,” GECO Fusilier, August 28, 1944, 2.
162. Ibid.
163. Ibid.
164. “Whispering Gallery,” GECO Fusilier, March 28, 1942, 2.
165. Ibid.
166. Ibid.
167. Ibid.
168. “Proper Use of Salt Tablets,” GECO Fusilier, August 1, 1942, Front Page.
169. “Medical,” Review of Industrial Relations, Article 17 (July 1943): 33.
170. “Just in Case,” GECO Fusilier, October 17, 1942, 4.
171. Ibid.

Chapter 13
1. “Medical Department,” History of Scarboro, Canada: 1941–1945, 1945, F2082-1-1-18, Archives of Ontario.
2. “Scarboro Defies Storm King…,” GECO Fusilier, December 18, 1942, 7.
3. “Man Dead, Schools Closed, War Plant Shut — the Storm,” Toronto Daily Star, December 12, 1944, 9.
4. “Scarboro Defies Storm King…,” GECO Fusilier, December 18, 1942, 7.
5. “Medical Department,” History of Scarboro, Canada: 1941–1945.
6. “Scarboro Defies Storm King…,” GECO Fusilier, December 18, 1942, 7; “Medical Department,” History of Scarboro, Canada: 1941–1945; Note: In the first account, 1,300 workers were snowbound. In the second, almost 1,400 people are mentioned.
7. Ron Wood, personal interview with author, 2012; “Scarboro Defies Storm King…,” GECO Fusilier, December 18, 1942, 7.
8. Carol Knight, personal interview with author, 2007.
9. “Scarboro Defies Storm King…,” GECO Fusilier, December 18, 1942, 7.
10. Ibid.
11. Ibid.
12. Ibid.
13. Ibid.
14. Ibid.
15. Ibid.
16. Ibid.
17. Ibid.
18. Ibid.
19. Ibid.; Carol Knight, personal interview with author, 2007.
20. “Scarboro Defies Storm King…,” GECO Fusilier, December 18, 1942, 7.
21. Ibid.
22. Greg Simerson, personal interview with author, 2012.
23. Ibid.
24. Ibid.
25. Ibid.
26. Ibid.
27. Ibid.
28. Ibid.
29. Ibid.
30. Ibid.
31. Ibid.
32. Ibid.
33. Carol Knight, personal interview with author, 2007.
34. Ibid.
35. “Scarboro Defies Storm King…,” GECO Fusilier, December 18, 1942, 7.
36. Ibid.
37. “Goodwill Towards All,” GECO Fusilier, December 18, 1942, 7.
38. “Medical Department,” History of Scarboro, Canada: 1941–1945; “18 War Workers Injured When Bus, Truck Collide,” Toronto Daily Star, January 27, 1945, 6.
39. “18 War Workers Injured When Bus, Truck Collide,” Toronto Daily Star, January 27, 1945, 6.
40. Ibid.
41. Ibid.; Note: There is a discrepancy as to how many women were on the Hollinger bus at the time of the collision. In GECO’s account, forty-one GECOites were onboard with ten seriously injured. However, Mr. Hollinger stated in the Toronto Daily Star article that seating capacity was twenty, but there were thirty-one on the bus. The Toronto Daily Star reported that eighteen were injured.
42. Ibid.
43. Ibid.
44. Ibid.
45. Ibid.
46. Ibid.
47. “Medical Department,” History of Scarboro, Canada: 1941–1945.
48. Ibid.
49. “Chronology of Scarboro/Canada,” History of Scarboro, Canada: 1941–1945.

Chapter 14
1. “Scarboro Takes V-Day Calmly,” GECO Fusilier, May 14, 1945, 2.
2. Ibid.
3. Ibid.
4. “The General Engineering Co. (Canada) Limited, Cafeteria,” October 15, 1943, Plant Review Appendices, 1945, F2082-1-1-25, Archives of Ontario, 1.
5. “Scarboro Takes V-Day Calmly,” GECO Fusilier, May 14, 1945, 2.
6. Ibid.
7. Ibid.
8. Ibid.
9. Ibid.
10. Ibid.
11. “Mixed Feelings Greet Closing…,” GECO Fusilier, May 28, 1945, 3.
12. Ibid.
13. “Chronology of Scarboro/Canada,” History of Scarboro, Canada: 1941–1945, 1945, F2082-1-1-18, Archives of Ontario.
14. Ibid.
15. Ibid.
16. Untitled or captioned workshop photographs, GECO Fusilier, June 11, 1945, 2, 4, 5, 8.
17. “Chronology of Scarboro/Canada,” History of Scarboro, Canada: 1941–1945.
18. “To All Geco Scarboro Employees,” GECO Fusilier, July 31, 1945, 2.
19. “All Those in Favor Say ‘Aye’,” GECO Fusilier, June 11, 1945, 3.
20. Ibid.
21. “Chronology of Scarboro/Canada,” History of Scarboro, Canada: 1941–1945.
22. Ibid.
23. “Medical Department,” History of Scarboro, Canada: 1941–1945.
24. “Chronology of Scarboro/Canada,” History of Scarboro, Canada: 1941–1945.
25. Carol Knight, personal interview with author, 2007.
26. Ibid.
27. Ibid.
28. “Chronology of Scarboro/Canada,” History of Scarboro, Canada: 1941–1945.
29. “Thirty,” GECO Fusilier, July 31, 1945, 3.
30. “The Last 119,” GECO Fusilier, July 31, 1945, Front Page.
31. Philip H. B. Hamilton, personal interview with author, Montreal, July 2012; Molly Danniels, personal interview with author, 2009.
32. Molly Danniels, personal interview with author, 2009.
33. “Production,” History of Scarboro, Canada: 1941–1945.
34. E. Flexman, “Magnificent Contribution to War Effort Made by Scarboro People,” GECO Fusilier, July 31, 1945, 5.
35. Ibid.
36. J. de N. Kennedy, History of the Department of Munitions and Supply: Canada in the Second World War (Ottawa: King’s Printer, 1950), I: 76.
37. “Our Front Cover,” GECO Fusilier, July 31, 1945, 3.
38. E. Flexman, “Magnificent Contribution,” GECO Fusilier, July 31, 1945, 7.
39. “Production — Initial Period,” 1945 Final Summary, History of Scarboro, Canada: 1941–1945.
40. “Facts and Figures,” GECO Fusilier, July 31, 1945, 7.
41. “Introduction,” 1945 Final Summary, History of Scarboro, Canada: 1941–1945, 1; “Production,” History of Scarboro, Canada: 1941–1945; Note: There is a slight discrepancy in the number of fuses filled. In the Introduction of GECO’s Final Summary, 128,965,930 fuses were filled, not 127,601,555 as is stated in the Preface. This is a difference of 1,364,375 units, about a month’s worth of filled munitions, an error margin of 0.0053 percent.
42. “Facts and Figures,” GECO Fusilier, July 31, 1945, 7.
43. Ibid.
44. Ibid.
45. Ibid.
46. “Gecoites Excel in Generosity,” GECO Fusilier, June 30, 1945, 3.
47. Ibid.
48. Ibid.
49. “Gecoites Excel in Generosity,” GECO Fusilier, June 30, 1945, 3. “Purchasing,” History of Scarboro, Canada: 1941–1945; “Facts and Figures,” GECO Fusilier, July 31, 1945, 7.;“Chronology of Scarboro/Canada,” History of Scarboro, Canada: 1941–1945; “Preface,” History of Scarboro, Canada: 1941–1945; “Transportation Expense, Transportation,” Plant Review Appendices; Note: There is a discrepancy as to the total number of passengers carried by buses. In Transportation, it states there were 8,679,143 riders. In “Facts and Figures” in the last issue of the employee newspaper, 9,161,258 people rode GECO busses, close to an additional 500,000 riders, or a 0.06 percent difference. There is also a discrepancy in the total of victory bond subscriptions. In “Facts and Figures” in the last issue of the employee newspaper, $3 million was subscribed. However, in Chronology of Scarboro/Canada, $3,873,643 was recorded, a significant difference of almost $1 million.
50. “City Area to Supply 4,000 for Arms Plant,” Toronto Daily Star, November 1, 1940.
51. “Background of Scarboro,” History of Scarboro, Canada: 1941–1945.
52. “Facts and Figures,” GECO Fusilier, July 31, 1945, 7.
53. Ross Davis,“Editorial,” GECO Fusilier, July 31, 1945, 5.

Chapter 15
1. (Title torn off) “Employee’s Record Cards, Earnings Cards,” Disposition of Records, 1945–46, F2082-1-1-10, Archives of Ontario. I.N. Downing, I.O. (P) for Controller General, Inspection Board of United Kingdom and Canada, letter to E.N. Martin, General Engineering Co., (Canada) Ltd., June 27, 1945, Disposition of Records Drawings and Specifications 1945, F2082-1-1-9, Archives of Ontario.
2. G.M. Thomson, Safety Officer, GECO, letter to Lt. Col. G. Ogilvie, Director General of Ammunition, Department of Munitions and Supply, Ottawa, January 18, 1946, Decontamination and Desensitizing 1945–46, F2082-1-1-7, Archives of Ontario; J. de N. Kennedy, History of the Department of Munitions and Supply: Canada in the Second World War (Ottawa: King’s Printer, 1950), I: 312; “Desensitizing Work Order,” Bldg. 14, Form 846, Rev., December 17, 1945, Desensitizing Scarboro Plant, 1945, F2082-1-1-8, Archives of Ontario.
3. “Desensitizing Work Order Form 846, Rev. Bldg. 14 Labs,” December 17, 1945, Desensitizing Scarboro Plant, 1945, F2082-1-1-8, Archives of Ontario.
4. G.M. Thomson, Safety Officer, GECO, letter to Lt. Col. G. Ogilvie.
5. Ibid.
6. Ibid.
7. J. de N. Kennedy, History of the Department of Munitions and Supply: Canada in the Second World War, II: 480; Mike Filey, “Rediscover echoes of GECO’s past,” Toronto Sun, April 7, 1991, C11.
8. “Eight in 4 Rooms Tight Fit, But GECO Quarters Aid Evicted,” Toronto Telegram, July 15, 1946, 2.
9. “16 Families To Be Given Living Unit,” Toronto Telegram, July 10, 1946, Front Page.
10. Jackie Eden, written correspondence, 2012; “Eight in Four Rooms Tight Fit, But GECO Quarters Aid Evicted,” Toronto Telegram, July 15, 1946, 2.
11. Harvey Currell, “Born of War II Geco Near End,” Toronto Telegram, January 21, 1957, 2.
12. “Eight in Four Rooms Tight Fit, But GECO Quarters Aid Evicted,” Toronto Telegram, July 15, 1946, 2.
13. “Thriving Outpost,” The War Cry, March 15, 1952, 4, http://archive.org/stream/war-cry-1952-Mar-15/1952-Mar-15#page/n3/mode/2up.
14. Lt.-Colonel Annie Fairhurst, “Home League Notes,” The War Cry, May 1, 1954, 10, http://archive.org/stream/war-cry-1954-May-01/1954-May-01#page/n9/mode/2up.
15. Mike Filey, “Rediscover echoes of GECO’s past,” Toronto Sun, April 7, 1991, C11.
16. Derm Dunwoody, “Proud Of GECO Homes Bid Aldermen Come, See,” Toronto Telegram, June 16, 1950, 1.
17. Ibid.
18. “GECO Housing,” The War Cry, June 14, 1952, 12, http://archive.org/stream/war-cry-1952-Jun-14/1952-Jun-14#page/n12/mode/1up.
19. “GECO New Year’s Riot is ‘Worst,’ Man Knifed Can’t Find Assailant,” Toronto Daily Star, Wednesday, January 12, 1952, 1.
20. Ibid.
21. Ibid.
22. Ibid.
23. Danielle Milley, “Queen visited Golden Mile Plaza in 1959,” Scarborough Mirror, July 22, 2009, 5.
24. “Scarboro Council Approves Plan to Purchase GECO,” Enterprise, September 30, 1948, 23.
25. Danielle Milley, “Queen visited Golden Mile Plaza in 1959,” Scarborough Mirror, July 22, 2009, 5.
26. Ibid.
27. Ibid.
28. “Facts and Figures,” GECO Fusilier, July 31, 1945, 7
29. Ibid; “Description of Plant,” History of Scarboro, Canada: 1941–1945, 1945, F2082-1-1-18, Archives of Ontario.
30. Harvey Currell, “Born of War II Geco Near End,” Toronto Telegram, January 21, 1957, 2.
31. Ibid.
32. “Thirty,” GECO Fusilier, July 31, 1945, 3.

Appendix A
1. “Engineer’s Sketch,” General Engineering Co. (Canada) Ltd. Scarboro Campus, 1942, F2082-1-1-25, Ontario Archives.

Appendix B
1. “GECO Organizational Chart,” Plant Review Appendices, 1945, F2082-1-1-25, Archives of Ontario.

Appendix C
1. “Typical Fuze Filling Operations at Scarboro: Fuze No. 251 — Shop No. 67,” Drawing No. 3814, History of Scarboro, Canada: 1941–1945.